Capsules, Its Types and Preparation of Capsule

§  Capsules are dosage form containing unit doses of drugs enclosed in a soluble shell of gelatin, starch or similar material and intended to be swallowed whole orally.

§  Capsules can also be defined as dosage form in which gelatin shell used to fill an individual dose of powdered.

§  Capsules can be filled with dry material semisolid and liquids that are non-solvents of gelatin.

§  The basic empty shells are made from the mixture of gelatin, sugar and water and are clear, colorless and essentially tasteless.

Components of Gelatin:

§  Gelatin USP is a product obtained by the partial hydrolysis of collagen obtained from the skin, white connective tissue and bones of animals.

Characteristic of Gelatin:

§  Gelatin is stable in air when dry but it subjects to microbial decomposition when it becomes moist or when it is maintained in aqueous solution.

§  Soft gelatin capsules have higher moisture contents than hard gelatin capsules.

§  Hard gelatin capsules contain 9-12% of moisture.

§  If stored in highly humid environment, additional moisture is absorbed by the capsules and they may become distorted and lose their rigid shape.

§  If stored in highly dried environment, some of moisture present in gelatin capsules may be lost and the capsulesmay become brittle and may cramble when handled.

Advantages of capsules:

§  Capsules may be used for dispensing solid, semi-solid and liquid drugs.

§  Avoidance of the contact with the unpleasant odor and flavor of medicines.

§  Easy to swallow.

§  Disintegration is both satisfactory and reliable.

§  Attractive dosage form.

§  Shells can be colored to give protection from light.

§  Shells are physiologically inert and are easily and quickly digested in GIT.

§  Less adjuncts are necessary than for tablets.

§  If properly stored, the shells contain 12-15% of moisture which gives flexibility and consequently very considerable resistance to mechanical stresses.

Disadvantages of capsules:

§  Capsules are expensive than tablets.

§  They cannot be used for aqueous or alcoholic solutions as they will attack the shell.

§  Salts which are very readily soluble should not be capsulated as their sudden release will cause the irritation.

§  Deliquescent or hygroscopic substances cannot be capsulated.

Shopping with Paypal in Pakistan

If you have no time to go the market and spend hours on moving from one shop to other than no need to worry because online shopping has solutions of your all problems related to shopping as you can do shopping just through click of mouse button. Each and every kind of things is available in the different online stores and you can also get these things in discounted price as well. The best payment system for online shopping isPayPal.

PayPal is leading company in online payment system and it has more than 153 million users and providing services to more than 200 markets across the globe. It is pretty easy system as you can do shopping through your email as well and alerts will be send on your email account. If any problem occurs such as unauthorized payments or fraud then PayPal provides 100 % protection so that their customer feels secure. World top brand accepts the payment through the PayPal such as Dell computers, La Senza, Gucci, etc.  You can easily upload funds on the PayPal and it deducts fewer amounts on transactions as compared to the other online payment system (pay alert, money bookers) and virtual credit card. But of availing all these things you must have papal account.

If you are Pakistani and want to do shopping online through the PayPal then you can not do it in Pakistan because Pakistan is among those countries where PayPal services are not available. People from Pakistan frequently ask a question why PayPal has blocked his services in Pakistan. The reason is there are some technical issues relating to this such as business policies of Pakistan conflicts with the PayPal policies and other reason is that there are few companies who don’t want that PayPal extend its services in Pakistan because they are benefitting from this thing such as money bookers.

 There are Pakistanis who are using PayPal online payment system illegally. Pakistani e-stores not accepted the payment through the PayPal. If you have PayPal account and want do shopping in Pakistan then you are doing illegal thing and if PayPal get knowledge about that they will blocks your account with all the money present in the account you can do shopping around he world with your PayPal account but not in Pakistan. So don’t think about shopping in Pakistan through PayPal as it is not possible.

Street Crime in India

Street crimes have become a common problem all over the world. All the countries are equally suffering from this problem. Chain snatchings, bag snatching and car smashing are the common street crime in India.  Everyday people are complaining about it. The biggest problem of people living in big cities of India is that their lives are being affected by the street crimes. The ratio of the street crimes are reported more in the big cities than the smaller cities. Mumbai is consider as the paradise of street crime because the population of city is more than 60 million and is the most populous city of the world and also has the not enough police men to control them.

 The incidents of street crimes have made the citizens insecure.  People who are once been through such situations got terrified and through out the life they feel them anxious. These incidents have unnerved the people. The most of the time middle class people are the main target of these crimes because the people who are involved in these crime mostly belong to the lower class and they can not robbed the rich people that easily as the middle class because rich people mostly have guard with them and they usually move in cars and live in those area where proper security system is present.

People who are usually found involved in these activities are those who come from the deprived background. Such people are more inclined to these anti social behaviors. They think it’s the easy way out to fulfill all the desires. In some cases of street crimes teenager boys are also found involved in these activities that do all this for the sake of thrill and excitement and pleasure. Even the teenager girls are also reported to be found in these activities because they are inspired by the boys.

The increasing rate of the street crimes in India has also trouble the Indian cops. Though the Indian cops try hard to curb the street crimes but the increasing reports of the street crime has troubled them.  One of the main reasons why the Indian cops are found helpless to control the street crimes is the corruption. Government should give swift punishment to all those people who are involved in these activities so that no one thinks of ever being a part of the street crimes again and if he thinks that he must aware of the consequence of being caught red handedly.

UNO Effects on International Business

The United Nations has many different purposes stated in the Charter. The Charter states that United Nations are in charge of harmonizing the actions of nations, maintaining the international peace and security, developing friendly relations with other nations, solving international economics, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems while promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

The United Nations is widely known for many different things. They provide help to people from natural disaster and war. It first objective is to bring immediate relief to the victims and the second is preventing emergencies from happening. They providehumanitarian assistant and seeks to reduce society of disaster and man-made actions. Early warning is top priority so the monitor families, drought, economic growth, disasters, and diseases.

Business tries to make enough money by providing contracts, agreements etc. So that there is something left over after the UNO tries to take it. Business is critical partner in the UNO, effort to address global challenges. Work with the United Nations to make Pakistan a better place.

The United Nations organizations (UNO) works to help the countries of the world cooperate in matters ranging from law and security to social progress and human rights. In Pakistan, 19 organizations affiliated with theUNO work together for the most vulnerable people of Pakistan, supporting development and humanitarian assistance under the umbrella of the One UN – Delivering as One.

At UN Pakistan, you will have a unique opportunity to participate in decisions and actions that affect the lives of millions of Pakistanis.

We encourage all qualified men and women to apply for vacancies in UN Pakistan. We value efficiency, competence and integrity, and hire staff with suitable qualifications without distinction as to race, gender, religion or any other discriminating factor.

There are many global challenges facing our world today. These can not be solved by any one sector of society alone. Corporations and UN organizations can partner effectively to advance awareness of issues.

The UNO works on a broad range of fundamental issues, from sustainable development, environment and refugees protection, disaster relief, counter terrorism, disarmament and non-proliferation, to promoting democracy, human rights, gender equality and the advancement of women, governance, economic and social development and international health, clearing landmines, expanding food production, and more, in order to achieve its goals and coordinate efforts for a safer world for this and future generations.

Computer is an Electronic Device

Computer is an electronic device which accepts an input from user and processes the data and provides the expected output to the user. Computer mainly contains two things, they are hardware and software. Hardware is physical device for example printer, mouse etc. and software is a collection of programs and related data for example ms-word, ms-excel etc.

 Computer has three parts and they are input, output, CPU. Input is a device which accepts an input from the keyboard. Output is a device which provides a result on the screen to the user. CPU stands for central processing unit and it mainly contains three parts MU, ALU, and CU. MU stands for memory unit which is used to store the data. ALU stands for arithmetic logic unit which will perform arithmetic and logic operations. CPU stands for control unit which will control all the devices and data transferring between the devices.

How to Find GPA and CGPA in University

Calculating your GPA becomes essential for every student to know the exact degree of his or performance in the school or college. But before you know how to find GPA you must know what GPA stands for. The Grade Point Average of a student determines his or her level of performance in school. With the GPA calculated you will be able to understand where you stand among all others in the class.

The calculation and understanding of GPA differs from one college to another. For instance, students who have high Grade Point Average can understand whether he or she will be able to get admission in a particular college of his or her choice. This calculation remains the same for GPA of schools, colleges and universities. In fact, the Grade Point Average also becomes a determining factor for any job offers that you might get. Candidates with high GPA will definitely lead the list of contenders in a job prospect. So, if you know how to find GPA, it will give you extra leverage to understand your scope for further studies or getting a good job. When we talk about Grade Point Average, we discuss its two major kinds.

-          Weighted GPA

-          Unweighted GPA

The weighted GPA is used more often in order to improve the overall performance grade of the students. The Grade Point Average is usually determined by the study course that the student undertakes. The unweighted GPA, on the other hand is the employed approach for the computation of the overall marks.      

If you want to know how to find GPA then you should know that the Grade Point Average can be calculated manually. Otherwise you can use the online GPA calculators that are available throughout various websites. Since the calculation of GPA differs from one institution to another. But to site an instance, if we take a student’s GPA of 3.3 then the student gets a grade B. With 3.3 he can be graded B- in another institution. Thus before finding out your GPA, know the value of GPA of that college you wish to enrol in. Grade Point Average affects a student’s career greatly. But GPA must be calculated on a regular basis so that the student can improve on his or her performance accordingly.  

Best Newspaper in World

A newspaper that is printed and distributed usually daily or weekly and that contains news, articles of opinion, features, and advertising. It has a history of its begins but we are going to discuss the merits of a newspaper. Newspaper and magazines play a very important role in national life and also in making public opinion locally, nationally and also internationally. Just imagine one day without newspaper, so that we know the importance of newspaper for us. Now newspaper has become an essential part of modern civilization. Now a day we can’t go for a cup of tae without newspaper. When we talk about newspaper, the idea which come to our mind is that folded sheets that contains information from east, west, north and south about an article on news, review, feature, and advertisement. 

Newspapers keep the people informed about the political activities of their government. They give in detail the statements or speeches made by rulers at public meetings or on the radio or television. They also report the activities of political parties and leaders. Standard newspapers criticize the policies and statements of the government or of political the parties in a fair way. It is due to newspaper that we know about the world. Its main purpose is that to keep the reader informed about world problems and their solutions, and also to keep the reader informed about latest developments and progress taking place in the world. It also guides and conveys public opinion to government. It educates the people in various ways. A newspaper provides information on various subjects like science, art, sport, crime, fashion s etc. Most of the newspaper contains separate column for health, also having comic, cartons puzzle words and astrological facts. Newspaper also contains vacancies, wanted and matrimonial columns. It functions as prerequisite for democracy. Democracy works on its basis. The press often considers a forth pillar of estate.

  Secondly, newspapers describe the economic policies of the government. They describes import and export policies, its plans for future economic development, the  prices of different things fixed by it, and so on. Newspapers have always reported in detail the economic policies of our different governments in the fields of agriculture industry and commerce. They have also described the problems of laborers, farmers and other working people and suggested their solutions.

Newspapers give a true and correct picture of society. They describe the activities of people in different fields like education, business, industry, law, medicine, science, and so on. They tell us about the activities of students and teachers, businessmen, industrialists, lawyers, doctors, scientists and all categories of working people. They convey information regarding the different crimes taking place every day.

Newspapers give us information and news from the entire world. They tell about the political, economic and social changes in different countries. They inform about the changes of governments and revolutions in different parts of the world. They give descriptions of changes taking place in other societies in education, science, medicine, industry, and agriculture and defense preparation.

Newspapers give detailed news about wars taking place in different parts of the world. They give pictures of scenes of war. They discuss the causes and possible results of those wars and the efforts of the UN to stop them. They criticize the UN if it does not act suitably.

Newspapers have columns for entertainment. We find humorous essays or features on interesting subjects like fashions and strange habits. Newspapers provide information of sports, new films, dramas, musical programs and other cultural activities. At regular intervals, there are special columns for women, children, students and labours.

But there are also some drawbacks in Newspapers. Newspapers are also used as source of propaganda. Often Political parties express their views and comments through Newspapers to confuse the people and misguide them. Even news create hate and discrimination among people, in the result of which communal quarrels arise.

There is also another misuse of Newspapers when they publish wrong advertisements to deceive the people. Sometime they publish vulgar pictures which corrupt the people especially the young generation.

But at the end it can be said that habit of reading Newspapers is very beneficial and good. Newspapers are also an inexpensive source of latest local, national and international news and entertainment also.   Newspapers should play a constructive role for the international peace of the whole world.  

14 August 1947 in World a Great History

First of all the question is that what is 14 august 1947? If a person take a look at these words than he or she will consider it only a date but this date, month and year is very important in the history of Pakistan. It is the independence day of the Pakistan. Muslims get their own country or a state from the rulers that are British and Hindus. Muslims consider that they are completely different from the Hindus so we cannot live together. We want a separate place to live where we can introduce the principles of the Islam. On that days Quaid-e-Azam was the most popular person of the Muslims because he is the only one who can gave the Muslims their rights. By the efforts of the Quaid-e-Azam and his followers Muslims get their own place to live. 

They called him as Pakistan. Muslims gave their wealth, health and their lives for this country that’s why they love this country very much. Every year Muslims celebrate this day and there is a holiday in the whole Pakistan. People raise the national flag on their houses and also decorate their houses. Guests came to the every person home and they really enjoy this day. At the beginning of this day first of all army soldiers gave the honor to this day and then president of Pakistan raise the national flag of the Pakistan. At that time all the honorable persons are there enjoying the moment. There is a 1 minute silence in the whole Pakistan to give the honor to their national song. This day is very important is the lives of the Muslims because they get their separate state at that day. They free themselves from the rulers at that day. 

At that day cultural programs are conducted. In that programs national song of the Pakistan is sung by the persons and others things are also conducted. At that day no one forget about theQuaid-e-Azam because he is the founder of the Pakistan. By his efforts Pakistanis get their separate country where they are enjoying the facilities and the beauty of the nature. All the places in Pakistanbecome crowed due to the celebration by the people. People dance on the streets. At the end I will only say that 14 AUGUST 1947 id the independence day of the Pakistan and Muslims especially Pakistanis celebrate that day very much.

Tablets and Its Types

Introduction

 Tablets are solid dosage forms usually prepared with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical excipients.

  They may vary in size, shape, weight, hardness, thickness, disintegration and dissolution characteristics and in other aspects, depending on their intended use and method of manufacture. Most tablets are used in the oral administration of drugs.

Definition:

“Tablets may be defined as solid unit dosage form of medicament or medicaments with or without suitable diluents and prepared either by molding or compression.”

Many of these are prepared with colorants and coating of various types.

Other tablets, such as those administered sublingually, buccally, or vaginally, are prepared to have the features most applicable to their particular route of administration.

Tablets are prepared primarily by compression, with a limited number prepared by molding.

Compressed tablets are manufactured with tablet machines capable of exerting great pressure in compacting the powder or granulated material. Their shapes and dimensions are determined by the use of various shaped punches and dies.

Molded tablets are prepared on a large scale by tablet machinery or on a small scale by manually forcing damped powder material into a mold from which the formed tablets is then ejected and allowed to dry.

Some tablets are scored, or grooved, which allows them to be easily broken into two or more parts.  This enables the patient to swallow smaller portions as may be desired, or when prescribed, it allows the tablet to be taken in reduced or divided dosage.

Some tablets that are not scored are not intended to be broken or cut by the patient since they may have special coatings and/or drug release features that would be compromised by altering the tablet’s physical integrity

Advantages:

         They are easy to carry.•

         They are easy to swallow.•

         They are attractive in appearance.•

         Unpleasant taste can be masked by sugarcoating.•

         They do not require any measurement of dose. The strip or blister packing has further facilitated the process by taking the dose by the patient. Moreover it provides a sealed covering which protects the tablets from atmosphere conditions like air, moisture and light.•

         Some of the tablets are divided into halves and quarters by drawing lines during manufacturing to facilitate breakage whenever a fractional dose is required.•

         An accurate amount of medicament even if very small amount can be incorporated.•

         Tablets provide prolonged stability to medicaments.•

         The incompatibilities of medicaments and their deterioration due to environmental factors are less in tablet forms.•

Since they are generally produced on a large scale therefore cost of production is relatively low, hence economical.

Disadvantages:

         Children and elder•ly patients cannot swallow the tablets.

         Packaging also involves quite a lot of expenditure.•

         Essential Qualities of a Good Tablet:•

         They should be accurate and uniform in weight.•

         The drugs should be uniformly distributed throughout tablets.•

         The size and shape should be reasonable for easy administration.•

         The tablets should not be too hard that it may not disintegrate in the stomach.•

         There should not be any incompatibilities.•

         They should be chemically and physically stable during storage.•

         They should not break during transportation or crumble in the hands of patients.•

         They should be attractive in appearance.•

         There should not any manufacturing defects like cracking, chipping or discoloration.•

         After administration it should disintegrate readily.•

         They should be easy and economical in production.•

23 March 1940 in Asia

First of all the question is that what is the meaning of the 23 march 1940? 23 March is a normal day for the people of the world except Muslims of the Pakistan. It is the resolution day of the Pakistan. It is also known as the Lahore resolution but commonly known as the Pakistan resolution. This resolution was made basically on 22-24 March in 1940. In this resolution the great leader of the Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam announced that we will fight for the separate country with the British and Hindus. In this resolution many leaders of the Muslim league participate.

This crowd was gathered in the park which is now a day known as the Mina ray Pakistan. It is also known as the Iqbal Park on the name of the Allama iqbal. This resolution was basically presented by the A.K Fuzlul Huq and then stated by the Muhammad Zafrulla Khan. Why this resolution was important for the Pakistanis? The answer is that because Muslims want their own country to live with peace. In this resolution they clearly talk about this issue and announced that we will get our right from the other two powers in this continent. The park was also known as the Minto Park. The welcome address in this crowd was made by the leader of the Muslim league in the Punjab Nawab Sir Shah Nawaz. Before this event Quaid was the leader of the Congress but after this event he completely developed himself for the Muslim League. I this resolution the annual report was presented by theLiquate Ali khan then it is further preceded by the A.K Fazlul Huq (chief minister of the Bengal). After this it is further preceded by the Choudhury khaliquzzaman, he gave his view about this resolution. The main text of this resolution was signed on 24 but it is not the correct date. Basically it was signed on 23 March 1940. The result of this resolution was very good because this resolution became the part of the Muslim League constitution. This resolution was first passed by the assembly of the Sindh. To kept this resolution in minds Government of Pakistan made the Minar-e-Pakistan at that part where this resolution was delivered. At the end I will only say that it is a very important day in the history of Pakistan and all the Muslims especially the Pakistanis cannot forget about it because it is the Pakistan resolution day.

Pakistan in 2050

Pakistan came into existence as a dominion within the Commonwealth in August 1947, with Jinnah as governor-general and Liaquat Ali Khan as prime minister. . With West and East Pakistan separated by more than 1,000 miles of Indian Territory and with the major portion of the wealth and resources of the British heritage passing to India, Pakistan’s survival seemed to hang in the balance. The economic condition of the Pakistan was very bad on that time. Mohammed Ali Jinnah died in September 1948, within 13 months of independence. . Pakistan is a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and predominantly a Muslim society. Ninety-seven per cent of the140 million people in Pakistan are Muslims.

Urdu is the mother tongue of only seven per cent of the population. More than half the working population is involved in agriculture and live in rural areas.

                       Pakistan is not a developed country but it is a developing country. On May 28, 1998, Pakistan became a nuclear power when it successfully carried out five nuclear tests at Chaghi, in the province of Baluchistan. This was in direct response to five nuclear explosions by India, just two weeks earlier. The inflation rate in Pakistan was 121.69 percent in June 2010.Pakistan is the sixth largest populous country in the world, with an estimated population of 169.9 million at the end of June 2009.

   Pakistan may be on the top or may be…… in 2050. In terms of Macroeconomic Stability variables, Pakistan performs very poorly and has 1st, 4th and 6th place for high inflation, high government deficit and high external debt respectively. Pakistan is facing political instability since its birth. In the Pakistan the dictatorship role lots of times .If we failed to find out a good leader very soon then it will be very difficult to survey because today the leaders we have are not capable to bring the Pakistan on the top.

In 2050 Pakistan population will be doubled. In 40 years it will be the fourth largest country on Earth. Pakistan will overtake Brazil and Indonesia by 2050 to rank fourth in world population, almost doubling to 335 million from its current 180 million. The question is that How can Pakistan support a population that size with jobs, education, health care? From a strategic and economical point of view Pakistan enjoys a key position in the South Asia. Karakorum Highway now makes communication with China easier. God has gifted number of resources to Pakistan. But the problem is that we are not using them well. Sixty years have passed away but we cannot find out still our destination. Lot of people talk about that after fifty years or more Pakistan will be super power or it will be country to watch. Does it make any kind of sense? A country that is facing lot of problems since its birth can be superpower .IF such a kind of problems like terrorism, education, unemployment, corruption, health, and illiteracy continued for more ten to twenty years then I am very sorry to say that it will be difficult to keep on the map of the world.

On the other hand if the people of Pakistan really want to see it a developed country. Then there is need to bring a resolution. We have to fired out all those peoples those are not sincere to Pakistan. We have to take decide what we want? If we succeed to make all those things that our great leader Quaid-e-Azam advised us then no doubt in 2050 .Pakistan will be better than now .Pakistan must use its resources and the leaders of the Pakistan must take stand .As a Pakistan I am hopeful that Insha’Allah in 2050  Pakistan will be best in the world.

Can America Defeat Pakistan No America Cannot Defeat Pakistan in any Condition

America and Pakistan don’t share common border and still the world is talking about the war between Pakistan and America. America is the sole super power of the world and not single country is present in near future who can challenge the American supremacy in the world. If we compare it with Pakistan is not giant in the world and he don’t have prominent position in the region but still America cannot defeat Pakistan in any condition.

First argue toward that Pakistan has seventh largest army in the world and Pakistan geo political situation is such important that American doesn’t want to confront with Pakistan directly. America is already engage on the several fronts that he cannot afford to open any other war front at the moment. Pakistan is the nuclear state and he can’t afford to come with war directly with Pakistan. Yes America is pretty strong and advances in the technology but the history shows that nothing can defeat the man power and their believes. Pakistan is a country of 180 million people and all are anti American. They are not against America but they are against the imperial policies of America. America is engage in war in Afghanistan who is land lock country. About 85 % import and export of Afghanistan is occur through Pakistan. All the allied forces and supply is goes through Pakistan territory. America is using Pakistani air base in Jacobabad and in Shamisi and if America is present in Afghanistan is just because of Pakistan and if the situation become worsen then any one can easily thinks that the Pakistan would not allow the American and allied forces to use their territory then only option left for American is to use some alternative route for their supply line then the option they have is Iran. Iran American relationships are already very hot over Iran nuclear program. So we can say that America is not in a position to confront with Pakistan and if he thinks that he can do this with the help of India than it would be the foolish think from the amerce and because Pakistan is nuclear state. As former president of Pakistan pervaiz mushraf has already stated that the Pakistan has not made nuclear bombs as show piece. Pakistan has the right to use them for their defense. So we have to rule out the statement that America can not defeat the Pakistan.

Life in Big City in Pakistan

Lord Chesterfield has said, “I love capitals; every thing is best at Capitals.” He means to say that in big cities, we can have many facilities. A Latin Proverb goes like this, “A great city, a great loneliness.” The Proverb refers to disadvantages of a big city. So life in a big city has its advantages and disadvantages.

Big cities are centers of a trade and other activities. The first thing that attracts us in a big city is the number of people. The people move from one part of the city to another in a mad hurry. In the morning, a large number of people move on to offices for the day’s work. They go on all sorts of things. We see an endless line of cycles, scooters, motors cycles, tong’s and cars. There is a mad rush in all directions. The same story is repeated after the mid-day when the offices close.

In a big city, the rents are very high. So the people live at great distances in the city. They have to go to work daily over that distance. The houses are crowded with people. But in big city, there are many facilities also. There are good schools, Colleges and Universities. We can get education of all type in a big city.

Six September 1965 in Pakistan a Great War in Asia

First of all the question is that what is this 6 September 1965? These words have a great importance in the history of the Pakistan because it is the defense day of the Pakistan. On that day a great took place between Pakistan and India. These two countries fight with each other on the issue of Kashmir. Pakistanis thought that Kashmir is the part of the Pakistan and Indians thought that Kashmir is the part of the India. So they fight with each other because of the Kashmir.

India invades in Pakistan and wants to rule the Pakistan. They came near the river known as the Ravi. But they do not know that Pakistani forces are waiting for them. Pakistani army opened their fire on the Indian soldiers. Indians fight back and this war continue for many days without any result. Many of the soldiers of both countries died in this war. But at the end Pakistani soldiers take control of the situation and won the war. Although Pakistan won this war but his loss is huge. Many of the soldiers of the Pakistan gave their life for their country but the others were happy because they won the war. On the other hand loss of India was much more than Pakistan because they lose the war, they spend a lot of money on this war, and they lose their men and many more things. Pakistan’s air force was the best at that time. On 6 September there is a holiday in the whole Pakistan. Different programs are held on this issue. Pakistani army gave their salute to the soldiers who gave their lives for the Pakistan. In the morning first of all they give honor with the guns and then president of Pakistan raise the national flag of the Pakistan. Then national song of the Pakistan is sung by the army. Then army shows the people their achievements in the army. They show their guns, tanks, different kind of missiles and many more things. At the end I will only say that this day has very importance in the lives of the Muslims of the Pakistan because it is the defense day of the Pakistan. At that day they won the war against the Indians and protect the Kashmir from the army of the India. This is the all about the 6 September 1965 or you can also say it the defense day of Pakistan. 

How We Can Make VCC for Payapal

It is matter of fact that not all the internet users have their own credit card so they can not enjoy the convenience of transaction. People always hesitate in while showing their credit card information with the fear that their credit card information might not compromised. To solve these problems, business developers came up with brand new solution for these problems and that is VCC.

VCC stands of virtual credit card, it is new term it is similar to the debit card as most of the VCC are pre loaded and some time reload option is also present. VCC is just like the debit card but only major difference is you don’t have any physical card. You can do shopping and transaction online with out any tension that your information might not compromised and you can reveal your information without any tension and fear. You can give your personal information without any tension and fear as you can use it with any kind of name or address. The VCC is accepted on all those sites which accept world top credit cards.

Any one belong to any part of the world are eligible for making his own virtual credit card. The application process of VCC varies with the different VCC provider. You have go the website of the VCC card provider and fill up the form and after that they will provide you a software to downloading and installation for security purpose of your VCC. After making the first payment (payment can be made through any online payment process such as liberty reserve, money booker, PayPal etc). they will send you information regarding your VCC card such as type of virtual credit card either it is Visa, Master Card or American express, your card number, verification code, and also expiry date of your virtual credit card. They also take monthly maintenance charges as well. The most of the user are using the Visa virtual VCC which is powered by the “Visa”. If some illegally use the VCC then all the responsibility in this case is of client not company.

Make your own virtual credit card now and enjoy the convenience of transaction you can use it online only you can not use it physically. The number of user of these virtual credit cards is increasing day by day as people getting the awareness of the benefits of virtual credit card in online payment process. 

Early Problems of Pakistan and India 1947

On the eve of its creation Pakistan faced a number of stupendous problems which hardly had any parallel in the history of the world especially of any newly born state. She had too many burdens to carry and too many problems to solve. She came into being almost with practically no central administration of office routine. She was a state without any practicable economic or geographic basis, political organization or political tradition with any pertinence to modern conditions. Militarily she was weak and defenseless, with enemies, not reconciled to her establishment, busy in conspiring to strangulate her on its very birth. But fortunately she had a great leader and organizer in person of Quaid-I-Azam to steer the ship of her destiny to safety and security. Almost single handedly he grappled with all these problems which would have broken a man of lesser mettle. But he was not a man to be over-powered by any danger, challenge or obstacle that confronted him. Under his inspired leadership the nation also showed its inherent strength to grapple with these problems with remarkable determination and success.

The shortage of trained human power especially senior officers was a serious problem in the setting up of federal government in Karachi. Most of them had migrated to India. There was a shortage of office space, equipment and furniture. This disturbed the direct connections between the federal government and provincial governments. On the other hand, the provincial governments were overburdened that needed very accurate connection between the center and the provinces to solve the problems of the Muslim refugees who had nothing to eat, drink, wear, rest, etc. To counter the critical situation, the official system should have been efficient but due to the lack of all these facilities the administrative authorities were painfully facing difficulties.

2: Division of Assets

The Indian government was not cooperative for transfer of record and equipment to Pakistan. The civil administration was not handing over the promised financial, military, and other shares that created mountainous hurdles to eradicate the pains and miseries of the refugees.

Financial Assets

The full financial share of Pakistan was not transferred. Initially rupees 200 million were transferred that were not sufficient to meet the expenditures of the newly born state. The Indian government was so reactionary that it tried its level best to block these funds to suffocate the newly born Muslim state as they expected foolishly that Pakistan would collapse and rejoin India soon after its existence. They did not release the remaining funds until Gandhi’s threat of man Bert (fast until death). Under this pressure, more funds were sent in early 1948 but no installment was later paid.

Cricket World Cup 2013 Results

Cricket is a game that has a huge fan following in the third world countries, with India and Pakistan being synonymous of an east against west clash.  Cricket is not just a game for these two countries.  It is war.  Both countries fight tooth and nail against each other to rise victorious by any means.  The teams of these countries labor day and night to develop that winning edge for each new match.  They also go to great lengths to make every game a sure win for their side.  Most often, they even go to the extend of accepting bribes and giving in to match fixing tactics, for the scourge of the victory-thirsty masses who follow the happenings in each match as if their lives depended on them.  The fans of the game are quite often disoriented by the cheap ways with which even some of the top players become a burden to their team through match fixing.  The Cricket World Cup 2013 Results were proclaimed in such tumultuous times, and to the well-earned satisfaction of fans all over the world, India was declared victorious.

World cup cricket, being the king of all cricket matches, is the favorite of cricket fans.  The support that the people of each participating nation give to their respective teams is just simply awe inspiring.  It is as if the fans see their cricket stars as gods.  When the games are being played, there is seldom a home in the countries that take part in the game that does not have their TV sets on, telecasting the match live.  World cup cricket is like an international festival for the young and the old alike.  Some people even give their lives for the game, especially, in Pakistan and India.  When the Cricket World Cup 2013 Results were announced, fans of the game, irrespective of country, rose in salute to the winning team, which was India.  India became the first country that rose victorious in a world cup series that was hosted on its own soil.  This victory gave a solid boost both to the winning as well as die hard fans of the game.

The world cup cricket 2011 was hosted in three countries, namely, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh.  Though Pakistan was also supposed to be one of the hosts of the tournament, the attacks on the Sri Lankan cricket team in Lahore made them lose that opportunity.  In fact, Sri Lanka was hosting a world cup series for the first time.

The final match of the 2011 world cup cricket tournament was held between India and Sri Lanka.  The match in itself was a hair-raising affair.  Sri Lanka lost the match by six wickets.  The man of the match of the game was none other than the ever-powerful Mahendra Singh Dhoni.  The man of the tournament was the very talented Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh.  To know the further details of this spellbinding match and also all the other matches in the tournament, just check out the Cricket World Cup 2013 Results online.

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You can not create promotional links for other site on Triond as they have put “Not follow tag” in their anchor tag so Triond can not be use as site of creating back links. It is reported that when you incorporated your AdSenceaccount into Triond system the page views decreases significantly. So if you are earning well through your page views then there is no need of putting Google AdSence. Despites these cons Triond is consider as he best platform for creating online presence and becoming a part of search engine result. 

Developing a Pharmaceutical Care Plan

Patient care planning involves systematically assessing a patient’s health problems and needs, setting objectives, performing interventions, and evaluating results. Not all patients require a written PCP. Pharmacists must assess their own patients and identify specific areas on which to focus. For example, the pharmacist may want to identify patients with specific diseases (e.g., asthma, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or hyper-cholesterolemia).

The development of a PCP can be summarized as a five step process involving the SOAP format (Subjective data, Objective data. Assessment, and Plan of care). Using the example in Figure 1 for an asthma patient, the process can be described as follows.

Step 1. Gathering Information

The pharmacist should gather an accurate medication history, including both prescription and non-prescription medications and the reasons the medications were prescribed or taken. The pharmacist will likely have to obtain some information from the physician, such as laboratory test results and hospitalizations. If so, the pharmacist should get written permission from the patient before soliciting this information. Once this information is compiled, the preparation of a PCP can begin.

Step 2. Identifying Problems

From the patient’s medication profile in Figure I, only one problem is evident: diagnosis of asthma. If applicable, the other problem should also be listed.

In Figure I, subjective and objective findings correlated to the problem are listed. Subjective findings are those that the patient describes (e.g., ’I feel tired all the time, “I feel bloated,” or “I woke up coughing”). References 12, 13, and 14 describe methods to ascertain this information. Objective findings are those that can be observed or measured by the pharmacist (e.g., patient appears tired, blood pressure is 180/105, pitting edema in ankles).

In the patient with asthma, the pharmacist would have the patient use a peak expiratory flow meter and record the results.

Stop 3. Assessing Problems.

The pharmacist analyzes and integrates tile information gathered in steps 1 and 2 and draws conclusions in preparation for developing a patient-specific PCP, For example, in the asthma case (Figure 1), the pharmacist may first investigate the etiology of the factors that exacerbated the asthma. The pharmacist does not have to be involved in skin testing, nor does the pharmacist have to conduct a detailed, extensive history of all of the factors that may have precipitated the asthma. However, the pharmacist should attempt to determine if drugs (e.g., aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, or beta-blockers) caused or exacerbated the asthma in the patient. Thus, the importance of an accurate and complete drug history becomes evident 12, 14

Next, the pharmacist assesses the severity of the asthma. This could be accomplished (as shown in the plan) by determining the PEFR, examining the patient’s daily symptom and peak flow diary, or determining if the patient had been hospitalized and placed on steroidsor a mechanical ventilator.

Step 4. Developing the Plan

In step 4, the pharmacist establishes goals linked to each of the patient’s problems and specifies a course of action aimed at meeting each goal.

Each goal (i.e., desired improvement) should be stated in terms of measurable outcomes that indicate the extent to which the particular problem has been resolved. Often, the patient has several problems, and the plan must be comprehensive enough to have a positive effect on the overall health of the patient. 

Three Things Yоu Dіdn’t Κnоw аbоut Yоur Pharmacist Тhаt Соuld Save Yоur Life

One оf thе outcomes оf mоst life-altering diagnoses іs а treatment regimen thаt includes sоmе type оf medication. Тhе doctor hands уоu а prescription аnd оff tо thе pharmacy уоu gо. Моst people bеlіеvе thаt аll pharmacists dо іs count pills аnd slap а label оn thе bottle. Тhеу aren’t aware оf thе training involved іn bесоmіng а pharmacist аnd thаt training соuld save уоur life.

Pharmacists Κnоw Моrе Тhаn Doctors

Whether оr nоt уоur doctor wаnts tо admit іt, thе pharmacist knоws mоrе аbоut interactions оf medications thаn thе doctor. А huge component оf pharmacy training includes chemistry аnd learning thе interactions bеtwееn classes оf medication. Doctors аrе mоrе lіkеlу tо knоw аbоut thе drugs thеу mоst usе іn thеіr specialty, but dоn’t hаvе thе іn depth knowledge асrоss specialties.

Pharmacist аs Air Traffic Controller

When facing а life-altering health challenge уоu оftеn sее mоrе thаn оnе doctor, еsресіаllу іf surgery іs раrt оf thе treatment protocol. Yоu mау hаvе prescription frоm еасh doctor. Аs а patient, уоu mау bе overwhelmed wіth thе amount оf medication уоur tаkіng аnd іt mау nоt cross уоur mind tо tеll оnе doctor аbоut thе оthеr medications уоu’vе bееn prescribed. Yоur pharmacist аnd thаnks tо modern technology will knоw аbоut аll уоur prescribed medications. Тhе pharmacist will bесоmе alarmed іf sоmе оf уоur medications аrе knоwn tо interact іn а bad wау. Computer programs іn pharmacies аlsо аrе аblе tо cross reference interactions аnd display аn alert іf twо оf уоur medications mау interact рооrlу. Тhе pharmacist саn literally save уоur life.