Is Google adsense а scam?

 Is Google adsense а scam? Frоm mу experience уеs, mу account wаs disabled thе vеrу day І wаs duе tо recieve thе check. І spent weeks setting uр websites fоr adsense аnd thе good оnеs earned mе $3 а day.

So basically adsense іs paying $3 fоr еvеrу 10 hours work оn mу site, І аm sо glad thеу disabled mу adsense account bесаusе І fоund а better wау tо mаkе money online аnd іt pays јust а bit mоrе thаn $3. It's called affiliate marketing.
What exactly іs affiliate marketing? Affiliate marketing іs thе single fastest growth industry оn thе Internet. It's аlsо true thаt affiliate marketing іs оnе оf thе fastest аnd mоst creative ways tо mаkе money аnd hаvе а career оn thе Internet.
Simply рut, affiliate marketing іs selling products оn а commission basis. Yоu оwn а business thаt advertises аnd sells products fоr оthеr companies. Yоu mау hаvе а product оf уоur оwn tо bеgіn wіth оr nоt. Тhе things thаt а successful affiliate marketer must hаvе are:
1.Your website іs thе jumping оff point оf аll уоur marketing efforts. Ѕо thе fіrst step іn аnу successful affiliate marketing business іs building а good, credible аnd professional lооkіng website. Yоu must build а user-friendly website, whісh will attract уоur prospects аnd motivate thеm tо click оn thе links tо thе products аnd services уоu аrе promoting аnd mаkе а purchase. Тhеrе аrе companies whоsе business іs building websites thаt уоu саn hire tо build оnе fоr уоu.
2.You must find products tо sell, уоu must bе аblе tо determine whеthеr thеrе іs а demand fоr thоsе products аnd іf people will асtuаllу buy thеm.  Yоu mау еіthеr hаvе уоur оwn original product оr products thаt аrе mаdе bу оthеrs. Whichever wау уоu gо, уоu must bеlіеvе іn thе products.
3.It will bе nесеssаrу fоr уоu tо bесоmе аn adept advertiser аnd bе аblе tо tеll whеthеr thе advertising уоu аrе paying fоr іs producing mоrе income fоr уоu thаn thе advertising іs costing уоu.
4.It іs nесеssаrу thаt уоu hаvе good mathematical skills. Yоu will nееd tо bе аblе tо track уоur sales аnd determine profit, аs well аs, sее tо іt thаt уоur suppliers аrе paid іn full аnd оn time.
5.You nееd thе full аnd unwavering support оf уоur family sо thаt уоu саn devote thе time аnd energy nесеssаrу tо launch уоur affiliate marketing business.

New Heart Diseases

 A sick heart cannot maintain the blood circulation into the body, and this causes the rapid accumulation of fluids. This can easily lead to lung congestion, hypoventilation and the loss of energy. 

Coronary artery disease is the most well known heart disorder and it is caused by the obstruction of the arteries which transport blood filled with oxygen to the heart muscle. This obstruction can be the result of accumulation of some fat or cholesterol, which can also block the artery partially or completely. Furthermore, the obstruction can also be caused by the strengthening and thickening of the artery’s walls.

Angina

The obstruction of the arteries is the main factor which causes the disorder known as angina pectoris, which can be translated by a sensation of pain and discomfort inside the chest. This happens when the oxygenated blood which travels to the heart’s muscle is reduced. This can also be the first symptom of a heart disease.

When the circulation of the blood is reduced,it can lead to the manifestation of thrombosis, and that is the formation of blood clots. A blood clot is usually formed in a section of a coronary artery, which shows signs of material deposits. This disorder is also known as coronary thrombosis.

The lack of oxygen, as well as of other nourishing substances transported into the blood, will cause cardiac arrest, the death of the cells from that muscle section. If more than 40% of the heart muscle is seriously affected, the heart can no longer function properly, and the blood flow to the other parts of the body is interrupted.

A certain heart attack means the the heart will no longer beat and it will die, if the person suffering from this doesn’t get cardiopulmonary resuscitation as soon as possible. The very high blood pressure, the high level of cholesterol from the blood and smoking, all of these are factors which affect the apparition of heart disorders.

Regular physical exercises, which maintain a good weight balance for the body, helping the heart from further efforts, also help reduce blood pressure and cholesterol level. The cholesterol can also be reduced by following a proper diet, while food rich in saturated fat, such as fat meat, sour cream and cheese, must be avoided.

In many countries around the world, people are acknowledging the danger represented by smoking, and have started giving up this habit. Because of this fact and of other important lifestyle changes, the number of deaths caused by cardiovascular and heart disorders have been considerably reduced.

For treating such heart disease medication is usually used, and they are very diverse and specific for each person and their health condition. There are usually 3 major types of medications used, and they all respond differently, in order to ease the heart of further stress. Other medications reduce the risk of thrombosis and the forming of blood clots.

For more complicated situations surgery is always the most relevant answer but it’s always better to learn how to prevent than to cure.

AIDS and its causes

 It is scientifically named HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus infection) or AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). This is a disease that affects the human immune system. its early symptoms seems like those of a common cold with throat inflammation runny nose enlargement of some lymph nodes headache nausea vomiting but soon these symptoms all disappears after 1 to 2 weeks followed by an asymptomatic period caked the latency period whose duration may vary largely between different cases as it may last for several years followed by the appearance of the symptoms of the actual AIDS which include many symptoms but the most important thing of these is that the body immunity is affected to very high degree that makes the patient more susceptible to different viral bacterial or fungal infections leading to many and many different complications including pneumonia, pneumocyctis, respiratory tract infections, esophageal Canadianism and many many other infections affecting various body organs

Here we are going to concentrate  in this article about the causes of this disease as we said it is viral infection that  affect the human immune systems. The main  roots through which this virus transmits are 
1)sexual intercourse  
2)blood transfusion 
3) using hypo dermal infected syringes 
4)mother to child during pregnancy  
We will talk in details about each kind of transmission and the percentage of disease occurrence through each.

Sexual transmission

It’s the main and the most frequent root of transmission of this virus due to the presence of the virus in the mucus membranes either oral or vaginal and it is most transmitted due to the normal intercourse between two of different sex also its transmuted through oral sex or anal sex or even through homosexual intercourse

Something one can prevent such transmission through heterosexual intercourse is by using condoms which prevent the direct contact between organs.

Blood transfusion

Infection through this root is rare but it may occur specially in low income and poor health care countries where there is no sufficient laboratory tests are made on the blood that is transfused causing direct infection to the receiving patient.

Hypo dermal injections using contaminated syringes

In this cases the infection occur when one disposable syringe is used among two patients one which is hosting the virus and as this virus is transmitted through blood or any of the blood fluids so certainly this syringe will cause direst infection but also I will stress on that this type of transmission is rare.

Mother child transmission during pregnancy

This occur when a female infected woman get pregnant and due to the normal placental blood connection between the mother and the fetus the virus directly transmit thorough the placenta to the child leading to giving birth of an infected child.

But I would like to mention an important notice concerning AIDS viral infection  This virus is transmitted completely through exposure to feces, nasal secretion, saliva, tears , sweat and sputum or urine unless these are contaminated with infected blood also its not transmitted through breathing. 

Ringworm infections and its treatment

 First  this disease is cause by a fungus called Tinea affecting the skin in different body regions and it is not in fact due to a worm as the name said but this naming is due to the early belief that these skin scraping seen due to such infection is due to a worm.

This is a disease usually caused due to transmission of the fungus from one infected person to another either by direct skin contact or by using self care tools like combs brushes or even wearing clothes of one another also it may be transmitted  through swimming pools or even through pets which can host the fungus topically and infect humans.

Types of ringworm infections

Briefly I will come through the different types of Tinea  and they are classified according to the region where they grow on the skin but they all have almost the same appearance which  are skin scrapping rashes areas of different colors.

1)       Tinea barbae: This type affect the beard area

2)       Tinea capiris:  This type affect the scalp

3)       Tinea corporis: This type affect different body areas including the abdomen , the back, the arms , the legs

4)       Tnea cruris :This type affect the groin area going down on the thigh

5)       Tinea manus: this type affect the palms and the fingers of the hands

6)       Tinea pedis : This type affect the foot and the region in between the toes

7)       Tinea unguium L this type grows under the nails specially those of the toes causing them to be yellowish and thick

The diagnoses of ringworm infection can done first by examining the skin as the location and the appearance of the scrapings on the skin can obviously ensure that it is a ring worm infection if its not clear culture from the infected skin can be made which will ensure that there is a fungal infection.

Treatment of this type of infections is usually done administration both topical and systemic anti-fungal treatment simultaneously.

1)       Topical anti-fungal preparations : These are in the form of creams or solutions containingof  these active constituents clotrimazole, econazole , miconazole, or ketoconazole these preparations must be used for one two weeks to be effective in treatment

2)       Systemic anti-fungal treatment : These are used when the topical anti-fungal preparations are not effective due to the location of the disease specially in case of scalp and nails infections the most commonly used medication in the past was greisofolvin tablets but now there are more safer and more eeffective medications used which include Itraconazole and Fluconazole

Sometimes combination of both topical and systemic treatment is necessary to completely resolve the problem  but the most important step of treatment is the precise and correct diagnosis as the ringworm  infections  may be mistaken  with other skin infections so the correct diagnosis lead to the proper way of treatment and  faster curing of the disease

For prevention of ringworm infection we can avoid excessive sweating and moisturizing of the skin as the moisture on the surface of the skin allows the growth of the fungi also  avoiding the use of others self care tools and clothes.

what is Sun poisoning

 The term sun poisoning don’t actually refer to an exact type of poisoning that one may think but it refers to sun burn more scientifically called Photo dermatitis where the area of skin that are exposed to the Ultra violet radiations of the sunlight are affected showing areas of reddening  rashes causing itching and pain sometimes in sever cases symptoms may include headache nausea and vomiting.

Types of sun poisoning

There are two types of sun poisoning  the first is due to direct skin burn upon exposure to the sunlight and this type always occur to people who have light skin and fair hair those people are more susceptible due to the deficiency of  the melanin pigment secreted into the skin and the hair giving the different color degrees variation among people Melanin represents the main barrier found in the skin that protect the skin from the harmful effect of the ultra violet rays of the sunlight

The other type of sun poisoning is allergic type where the allergic reactions occur due to the exposure to the sunlight but this type usually occur when there is a sensitizing agent  is administered to the susceptible patient either certain types of food or drugs its symptoms is almost like that of a direct sunburn bur the most obvious thing that can distinguish between the two types is that there are areas of swelling skin inducing so much itching

Prophylaxis of sun poisoning

The easiest way to prevent sun burn or sun poisoning in general is to avoid the excessive exposure to the sun light for long time and if its necessary to be in the sun due to work or something else so you can use preparations called sunblock preparations which are creams or lotions that inhibit the harmful effects of the UV rays on the skin

Treatment of sun poisoning

When sun burn occurs first we advice to take a cold bath and apply some soothing preparations topically on the affected skin if the there is headache or pain elsewhere we can use an analgesic anti-pyretic drug like paracetamol.

Then we can make symptomatic treatment  if there are any other symptoms appearing like naisea or vomiting so we can use anti emetic drug If the sun poisoning case is due to allergy so we must investigate the case to know what are the sensitizing agents that cause such allergy and prevent their administration

When we talk about sun poisoning we must mention the albinism syndrome In such syndrome the albino person doesn't  have the gene that turns on the synthesis of melanin pigment at all and so This person is harmed dangerously by the UV radiation and he should take care more than any other one due to the lack of the normal barrier.

Other people who are rarely affected by the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the sun are those with dark akin due to the presence of large amount of melanin pigment that prevent the skin completely.

New Memory boosters how it works

 Here I am going to mention some natural memory boosters and also some drugs that are recommended for increasing the activity of the brain so that we do not suffer from forgetting things as we go on in our lives

Natural memory boosting remedies

•        Maintain normal blood glucose level

Different researches  had revealed that when blood glucose levels are above normal this causes many dangerous effects on your various body organs also decreased blood glucose levels lead to deterioration of cells due to lack of power

•        Give your body the essential vitamins it needs

We must eat all the necessary supplements in our diet so that our body gets all the essential vitamins and co-factors which are essential for normal biochemical reactions .In this topic I advise everybody to take fresh vegetables and fruits in their meals as the uncooked food still have all of its important components not damaged

•        Try to reduce stress

Stress nowadays is being so dangerous to our health as we all suffer from stress. But new researches showed that stress decreases the ability of the brain to concentrate and so decrease it’s memorizing abilities

•        Don’t smoke

Smoking had shown to be so dangerous to the brain cells thus reducing your smoking rate or even stop smoking at all will give high benefits concerning your concentration and memory

•        Eating fish

Different kinds of fish contains omega 3 fatty acids which are believed to be so beneficial toward the function and the integrity of brain cells . So people who eat fish frequently are not susceptible to the problems of memory loss or decrease in memory abilities

•        Using a memory enhancing game on a computer

Training your brain will bring a great benefit for your brain skills .a medical research had proven that when a person trains his brain to memorize objects his brain started to gain more intelligence and memory skills

•        Daily body exercises

These exercises enhance normal circulation both peripherally and centrally thus leading to normal blood flow to the brain cells so this will lead to having neurons fully supported with oxygen and the main supplements it needs so working efficiently

•        Some natural extracts to be administered

Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba and gotu kola herbs extracts. These extracts shown to enhance the functions and the integrity of brain cells by increasing the blood flow to the brain cells so that maintaining normal functions of the brain from which the memory abilities of the brain.

Primrose and Cod liver oil shown to be of great help to the brain cells as they contain omega 3 fatty acid and other essential fatty acids that support the neurons by entering into many biochemical reactions involved in the impulse transmission and the manufacturing of different neurotransmitters Finally I would like to say that having a healthy lifestyle of eating , sleeping and having exercises at normal rates will give you a better health specially when you go old and feel that you are losing your health.

Cold sores

 Cold sores are those lesions and blisters that usually appear around the lips and they are called cold sores as they often come after common cold and influenza infections but they have no relation with the common cold itself.

Cause of cold sores

Its cause by a virus called Herpes simplex virus this virus has two types one that cause these blisters around the lips and this is called Herpes Labialis and the other cause blisters and rash of the genitals and is called genital Herpes.

This virus is transmuted from one person to another by direst contact to the saliva of an infected person this can be when sharing infected eating tools or by kissing or getting in direct contact with an infected person.

Symptoms and signs of Cold sores

The most obvious symptom of cold sore comes from its naming, the sores or blisters that appear around the lips . It takes the shape of red swollen blister surrounded  by redness in the skin this blisters may become filled with white fluid and all this doesn't last for more than three to four weeks.

The other symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen glands in your neck.

Diagnosis of cold sores

Its easily diagnosed by examination of the blisters around the lips and its so clear due to its limited body area and it affect also the other symptoms are so clear so the whole case shows clearly that its cold sore or Herpes simplex infection.

Treatment of cold sores

As we know that as it’s a viral infection so it has no curing treatment but all what we can do is the symptomatic treatment to relief the painful blisters by using creams and ointments and other topical preparation also relieving the sore throat by using lozenges and if there is  fever we must using analgesics to cool down the high body temperature . But we must then leave the body to combat the virus by itself and its specialized defense mechanisms in order to get rid of the virus.

Prevention of the infection by Herpes Simplex

This can be dine by avoiding the use of others eating utensils , drinking cups , razors and the other tools that can be shared among different persons. Also avoid getting in contact with infected patients either by kissing or touching.

Finally I must concentrate on one point that ones you have got cold sores you sill not get rid of it completely but you can avoid what triggers the cold sores as stress and flu also try to use lip balm and sunscreen lotions as the exposure to sunlight can trigger your cold sore . Avoid the use of towels ,razors and other tools that someone with cold sore had used. Try not to touch the blisters and the regions you have the sores in as you can transmit the virus to another parts of your body as the genitals for example.

These are the easiest methods to deal with cold sores without the need of prescription or even seeing a doctor but if the disease is more complicated you must see a doctor for more advice.

Hand, Foot and Mouth disease

 This is a disease that most commonly appear in children and its name is due to the appearance of many lessons inside the mouth and on the hand palm and the foot sole. It is cause by a viral infection with a intestinal virus from the picornaviridae family

It is usually present and spread among young children and infants as this type of viruses can transmit among children through direct contact with  saliva, feces or mucus of the infected child. It can also affect adults but in  rare cases.

Symptoms of HFMD

Symptoms start to appear after an incubation period of three to seven days after which symptoms  appear in the form  of headache , fever and fatigue after which  sore throat and lessons start to appear  in the mucous membrane of the mouth  this phase may last for one or two days then rash starts to appear around the lips and on the hand palm and the foot sole also it may  appear on the cheeks and also on the buttock s but this is usually due to the diarrhea in infants

Treatment of HFMD

As all of the viral infections there are no specific treatment as we depend on the natural immune defense  and the  normal reactions of the body toward the disease but here in each stage of the disease we must give a symptomatic treatment so that we can prevent the complications

In the first two days we give analgesic and anti-pyretic drugs to treat the fever and the headache then in the second stage when sores start to appear in the mouth we can use soothing gel  also we can use soothing topical preparations  to treat the sores and the rashes on the skin

Some few cases may require to be hospitalized as they may suffer from more dangerous symptoms in which the fever may not be treatable with the normal anti-pyretics but this is not usually the case

The whole period of the disease is not more than one week and there is no special home remedy can be done except  for cold bath and administering warm drinks to sooth the sore throat and the lessons in the mouth.

Complications of HFMD

Some complications may occur but in very rare cases this may include viral meningitis which cause headache ,fever and stiff neck. In this case the patient must be hospitalized for a short time

Other complications are usually due to fever not due to direct viral infection when the fever is not treated well these complications include Encephalitis and acute flaccid paralysis.

Prevention of disease transmission among children

As this is the most common way of disease transmission so we can do many things to decrease the rate of its occurrence. First we must take care of the child hi gene and take care of the self care tools used  by the nurses and the teachers in the nurseries and the kindergartens.

Common diseases in women

 There are some diseases that occurs more often to women than men those are groups of diseases. We will talk about each disease and the ratio of its occurrence to women compared to its occurrence rate to men.

Gallstones: This is a disease where the gall bladder forms a stone and then got inflamed and so no further secretion of bile leading to pain and mull digestion this occurs three to four times more common in women than in men.

Migraine headache: This is a disease where the patient suffers from severe headache but only within one cerebral hemisphere causing the headache to be in one side of the head. This occurs three times more often to women.

Urinary tract infections: These are wide range of infections related to the urinary tract. These may affect the kidneys, the ureters , the bladder or even lower. These always affect women more than men

Hypertension: It often occurs more often to women due to kidney diseases. This type of hypertension is called secondary hypertension as it occur due to kidney diseases secondary to urinary tract infections.

Hypochromic anaemia: This is a disease where the count of red blood cells decreases than normal. Its more often in women due to their continuous loss of blood in each menstrual cycle and also due to periods of pregnancy and lactation where the many of the essential nutrients of the body are transferred to the fetus or the infant.

Autoimmune diseases: These include Multiple sclerosis, Sjogren’s syndrome and lupus. These are diseases where the immune systems attacks the person’s own body organs leading to their inflammation and destruction. These diseases often occur to women more often to men in the ratio of three to one. One more autoimmune disease that is more common and more known to us is Rheumatic arthritis where the immune cells attacks the bone tissues specially in the joints. This disease occurs for women in the ratio of two to one compared to men.

Osteoporosis: In this cases the bone density decreases severely causing the bone to be more susceptible to fractures. This topic concerns women’s health more than men’s health as it occurs to women mostly. This always occur after the age of menopause where the menstruation stops and the normal hormonal secretion stops. These hormones affect the rate of calcification of the bones and so by time the bone density is lowered leading to more susceptibility to fractures. In this cases an artificial hormonal therapy can compensate for the decrease levels and also good calcium intake is the best remedy for such cases , so we always advice women to maintain a normal supplement of dairy products from young ages.

Finally I would give an advice for women to maintain healthy life. First eat well but don’t eat much. Second try to have a continuous exercise regime. Third try to maintain a fixed time schedule for your meals and sleeping time.

Common diseases in human 2026

 This article is dedicated directly for every man, as I will talk about diseases that are most common to occur to men but the point I am so wandered about that the diseases which are more often affecting men are usually as a result of his own bad habits like snaking and drinking alcohols. This what made me highly interested in how these bad habits bring these diseases.

•Heart diseases: It include the arterial sclerosis, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias and many other heart and circulatory conditions that are directly related to snaking and elevated cholesterol and low density lipids in the blood which may lead in severe cases to many complications like the heart muscle infarction and finally to congestive heart failure. What should be mentioned here is the essential hypertension where the blood pressure increase without any significant reason and thus leading to an overload on the heart that lead to further complications in the heart diseases. So we must have a controlled blood pressure by frequent checking to avoid elevated blood pressure for a long time.

•Lower respiratory tract infections: The lungs being always filled with smoke leading to its precipitation on the alveolar walls harming them . so they are more susceptible to infections leading to lesson formation which is so hard to be treated with normal drugs and may require surgical operations to remove. Finally this may lead to lung cancer.

•Liver diseases: These always occurs to men more often than women because men drink alcohols more than women .Alcohol beverages induce fatty liver due to the high load of alcohol metabolism inside the liver that then lead to destruction of the liver cells finally leading to liver cirrhosis and may lead to liver cancer.

•Prostate cancer: In fact this is the only disease more common to occur in men that is not due to certain bad habit like snaking or alcohol drinking. Prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system. Generally in old aged men, over 40 the prostate starts to exhibit larger size in a case called prostate hyperplasia  which in many cases lead finally to prostate cancer where the prostate cells divide in very high and uncontrolled rate without doing its proper function. On these cases usually surgical excision must be done to remove the prostate at all.

Finally I would give an advice for men to maintain normal healthy lives away from the diseases. First, keep away from snaking the most destructive habit ever seen which lead to severe damage to the man’s life. Second, keep away from drinking the alcoholic beverages which are also so bad causing a direct and severe damage to the liver. Third, you have to maintain normal lifestyle including having good meals containing all the supplements you need in fixed times daily also sleeping the appropriate time needed by your body. Finally you must have a constant schedule for daily exercises even walking to make your circulation better and maintain better body health.

What is Lipoma?

 They are usually a bengin tumors composed of adipose tissue usually occurring in ages between 40 and 60. About one percent of the human beings have lipomas of any type. Its usually appearing as subcutaneous mass. Its soft , movable and in most cases it is painless. It may then be transformed ti malignant type tumors, but there is no a proven evidence for that yet.

Types of Lipomas

• Adenolipoma: this is the type of adipose tissue tumor that occur in the sweat glands.

• Angiolipoleiomyomas: these are subcutaneous tumors composed of blood vessels, fat, muscle cells and connective tissue.

• Angiolipomas: these are the painful type of subcutaneous lipomas.

• Superficial subcutaneous lipomas: this is the most common type of subcutaneous adipose tumors that occur just below the skin surface and it may occur in different parts of the body.

• Other types which occur rarely are Chondroid lipomas, Corpus callosum lipoma, Hibernomas, Intradermal spindle cell lipomas and neural fibrolipomas. We will not deal in details of types because they occur rarely.

Causes of Lipoma

There are two main causes shown to be in relation with the development of lipoma. First the family history, some late researches showed that there is a hereditary genes that may make people more susceptible to develop lipoma than others. Second there is some theories that had proven that some lipomas develop after injuries but this is not well proven till now.

Treatment of Lipomas

As we said before that most of lipomas are not painful and are small sized so treatment is not important in all cases., but there are some cases where the lipoma become painful or it become of large size preventing normal body movement or if it is most be removed for cosmotic reasons, Finally surgical excision is a must when there are signs of transformation to other malignant types are seen like liposarcomas or other malignant tumors.

Usually excision occurs by minor surgical operations in most cases using local anesthetics. New techniques include liposuction but only with those soft lipomas lacking excessive connective tissues. Finally lipomas can be treated by local injection of compounds that stimulate lipolysis.

Prognosis of lipomas

Usually lipomas don’t lead to more complications except in rare cases, so the patient that develop lipoma can maintain a normal life without suffering even if not treated at all .As we said most cases of lipomas are painless, small sized and so it is of no harm. Something to take into consideration that if it become larger in size in a short period of time of time, clinical examination must be done immediately as we still have the fear of transformation from the benign type lipomas to the most dangerous and life threatening malignant type liposarcomas.

In this cases direct surgical excision must be done to remove the whole tumor as early as possible then histopathological examination must be done to determine it’s type and if it is proven to be malignant special post operative medications must be administered to avoid further metastasis allover the body.

Prostate cancer

 This is s type of cancer that occurs in the prostate gland, which is a gland in the male reproductive system responsible for the semen fluid production. Cancer occurs when cells in certain body organ or tissue starts to divide in an uncontrolled rate leading to formation of a tumor which then displaces the normal cells with atypical nonfunctioning cells leading to loss of organ functionality and may be transferred to other body organs on a process called metastasis.

Signs and symptoms of prostate cancer

They are similar to the symptoms of benign prostate hyperplasia. Those symptoms include increased frequency of urination, urination during night, the patient being unable to maintain a steady urination stream and also painful urination. These urinary symptoms occur in prostate cancer as the prostate gland is present around the prostatic urethra and its enlargement either due to benign prostate hyperplasia or due to prostate cancer leads to these urinary changes. Also sexual symptoms are present as the prostate is responsible for seminal fluid production; these symptoms include incomplete penile erection and fast painful ejaculation.

Risk factors

As all of the other cancer types there is no a quiet evidence for its causes, but there are many risk factors that are proven to be in a relation with prostate cancer. The first is genetic factor. Many researched had shown that if there is family history of prostate cancer so members of this family are more likely to have prostate cancer. The second is dietary factor there is some evidence that taking excessive multivitamins and folic acid made people more susceptible to prostate cancer. Other risk factors include sexual factors; in this issue it is evident that people who had many sexual partners and started to have sex in young ages are more likely to develop prostate cancer.

Diagnosis of prostate cancer

Signs and symptoms are not enough to ensure that there is prostate cancer as they are common with other prostate inflammation conditions. So the main diagnosing tool that can be used to diagnose prostate cancer is taking a prostate biopsy. Other imaging techniques may be useful before biopsy to have an initial determination of the disease.

Treatment of prostate cancer

In many cases the disease is asymptomatic and so treatment is not necessary. I mean that there is no need for treatment for old patients who are not expected to live until the symptoms appear. This is always the case of low grades slow growing prostate tumors, but if the patient is of young age and have painful and uncomfortable symptoms therapy must be done. The first trend is to use high energy radiation techniques to stop the growth and the division of tumor cells, but if this is not efficient and the tumor is of high grade surgery must be done. This surgical operation is called radical prostatectomy where the gland is completely removed.

Finally as many other types of cancers we still can’t speak precisely in the causes or even the treatment techniques, because till now there is no complete curing therapy to treat cancer.

Breast Cancer

 Breast cancer accounts for about 23% of the whole cancer cases on the world. It can occur both to men and women but it occurs hundred times more often in women than in men. It accounts for about half a million deaths every year.

Breast cancer is the type of cancer that arises either from the ducts or the lobules of the mammalian breasts so it’s differentiated to ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma according to its origin.

Symptoms and Signs

The most obvious sign that about 80% of the breast cancer cases discover the disease with is a lump or hardened area of the breast the feels stiffer and harder than the surrounding soft tissues either in the breast or in the armpits. Some other signs indicate that there is a breast cancer. These are a change in the nipple size or shape, a discharge from the nipple, one breast become larger or a rash occurring in the areas surrounding the nipples. These are all indicative signs of a breast cancer but for sure further investigation and clinical examination to ensure that this is a case of breast cancer.

Risk Factors

1)      Lifestyle: such as smoking tobacco which increases the rate of breast cancer, as smoking begins earlier, risk becomes higher, heavy and long term smokers have risk 35% - 50% more than others, physical activity may decrease the rate of cases by 10%.

There is probably a relationship between breast feeding and breast cancer, and also diet plays an important role; increased fat diet, alcohols, obesity and iodine deficiency may increase the risk of breast cancer.

2)      Genetic factor:  in about 5% of cases a genetic factor leads to breast-ovarian cancer syndrome, mostly in those carrying BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutated genes.

3)      Medical conditions: breast cancer may be related to other medical conditions such as atypical hyperplasia or fibrocystic breast changes.

Pathphysiology

Normal cells divide as required then they stop dividing, Cancer cells are the cells that lose the ability to stop dividing in the required time, this occurs due to the exposure of a genetically susceptible person to an external environmental factor.

Classification:

Breast cancers can classified in many ways, here is a categorization according to histopathology, grade and stage.

According to histopathology:

Breast cancers are classified into ductal or lobular carcinoma, invasive carcinomas spread from the initial tissues and are not confined.

According to grade:

Normal breast cells are differentiated so that to do their function in a proper way, cancerous cells lose their differentiation, cells start to divide and division is uncontrolled, cells are classified into (low grade) which is well differentiated and (intermediate grade) which is moderately differentiated and (high grade) which is poorly differentiated and don’t resemble the structure of the normal breast cells at all.

According to stage:

The stage of breast cancer is determined by the TNM system, which depends on (T) the size of the tumor, (N) the tumor reaches the lymph nodes or not and (M) which shows if the tumor develops metastasis or not.

Tuberculosis T.B

 It is an infectious disease caused by one or more strain of mycobacteria, mainly mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis infects the lungs causing many respiratory symptoms and then it causes other systemic symptoms all over the body that we will discuss later in the symptoms sections. Most of the infections are asymptomatic while only one tenth of which is transformed to active infection which is mostly lethal if not treated properly.

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms are classified into respiratory symptoms, where the patient suffers from severe cough, high rate of sputum production, appearance of blood in sputum and chest pain. If it invades the pulmonary artery then excessive bleeding may occur. Other symptoms are systemic extra pulmonary symptoms including fever, excessive sweating at night and weight loss. All these signs and symptoms mentioned is indicative and characteristic for tuberculosis.

Causes

It is a disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis which is an aerobic immobile bacillus. It is transmitted when person become in contact with saliva, sputum of an infected person, or even upon breathing air near the patient who is all the time coughing and sneezing.

Risk factors

Factors that make someone more susceptible to the infection of tuberculosis include HIV which decreases the overall immunity of the person leading to be infected easily. Other highly common risk factors include bad health care, overcrowding and malnutrition so that this disease is called the disease of poverty as it is usually highly spread in poor countries where there is no good health care providers and there are many bad habits concerning hygiene  and health care.  Smoking is a common risk factor.  Also people with diseases like diabetes mellitus and chronic pulmonary infections are more susceptible to tuberculosis.

Diagnosis

Depending only on the characteristic signs and symptoms is not enough. Chest x-ray showing numerous dark lesions and doing sputum cultures are the first steps for evaluation of the disease. Sputum and blood cultures are always so difficult to obtain result from due to the slow growth rate of the bacillus that may delay the culture to two to four weeks.

Prevention

This is mainly done by vaccination of infants and using enhancing doses of the vaccine in young ages. The most commonly used vaccine is bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine. It prevent the direct infection in children but the immunity induced by this vaccine is lost after about 10 years so an enhancing dose must be administered.

Treatment

This infectious disease can’t be easily treated due to the high resistant membrane the bacillus owns and so it is so difficult to penetrate this membrane with the antibiotics usually used. The most commonly used effective antibiotics used are rifampicin and isoniazid. Usually a combination of two antibiotics is used to prevent the development of resistant strains of the bacteria. The treatment course may last for several months through which administration of the antibiotic combination is administered and the prognosis is observed.

Finally I would like to say that tuberculosis nowadays is not a disease of high concern except in poor and low income countries, but even these have overcame the problem by proper vaccination and good health advice announcements on the media and the press.