Drug Activity Phases

 1-      Pharmaceutical phase:

It concern with the administration route selection and preparation of most appropriate pharmaceutical formulation.

Objectives:

Optimize the distribution and facilitate to the absorption and elimination of unwanted organoleptic properties.

2-      Pharmacokinetic phase:

It concern with the fate of drug in the organism its mean absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

Objectives:

Control the bio-availability its means the ratio of administered dose over the concentration at site of action in function of time.

3-      Pharmacodynamic Phase:

It concern with the drug receptor interaction and nature and intensity of pharmacological response.

Objectives:

                                    Maximal activity, maximal selectivity and minimal toxicity.

Preparation of Alcohol

 Alcohol is one of the crucial substances in our life. From fuels to food it has been practically used in every aspect of our life. It has the potential for improving our life and if not used judicially it can ruin our life due to overconsumption. The importance of alcohol makes us more inquisitive about how it is prepared and which are the sources it is generated. Let us discuss these details here. Mainly alcohol can be prepared at the commercial level and domestic level. Overall we can categorize them into Industrial Alcohol , Alcohol made from microorganisms, and preparation through fermentation.

Industrial Alcohol

The manufacturing of commercial alcohol, ethanol came into existence after the Industrial revolution. And this was possible after the sufficient laws were made make it possible to sell tax-exempt alcohol, which had to be denatured first to avoid its use in various Alcohol drinks. This alcohol uses the chemical process of reaction of ethylene gas at high pressure with concentrated sulphuric  or maybe phosphoric acid to form  esters; this acid-ester mix is subsequently diluted with water and heated to form ethanol by hydrolysis, and the resultant ethanol is removed from the acid ester mix through steam distillation. Ethanol which is not used for beverages can be used in small quantities as a fuel to generate energy.

Microorganism:

This is the most commonly done process of preparation of alcohol. This type of preparation depends upon the type of carbohydrates that are used in the process. For example if alcohol is prepared of starch and glucose as the raw components in the method then exclusively chosen strains of microorganisms such as Saccharomyces crevisiae which is a yeast that are used. It plays the role of fermenting the sugars, that are naturally found and are coming from different sources,  such as grapes ,barley , rice etc to alcohol and carbon dioxide. So particular strains of these microorganisms are employed for the fermentation or different types of natural products and they are chosen for several qualities. They must develop quickly, have higher resilience to great concentartions of glucose but simultaneously they must be able to generate much higher quantities of alcohol than any other strains. The following raw materials are used for the production of alcohol using the culture of microorganisms. They are Blackstrap Molasses / Maize (Blackstrap molasses has higher use),Grains, Sulfite spend liquor, Whey, Potatoes, Wood Wastes

For Molasses fermentation, molasses must be watered down with the water to a glucose conc. between 10 -18%. Levels higher than 20% are not applied as they could be damaging to yeast. The pH of the method is set between 4 -5 by including acids that are employed. Bacterial pollutants are usually restricted by the low pH, great glucose conc. and anaerobic circumstances of the fermentation.

The alcohol preparation from starch is different than the yeast fermentation as it uses Starchy foods such as corn, rye and barley which must go starch hydrolysis. This can be achieved by crushing with barley malt, by addition of diminish chemicals or by using fungus amylolytic minerals (Aspergillus and Rhizopus).In most of the cases, malt is used to achieve hydrolysis of food made of starch By combining 30% barley and 70% corn with the water and using crushing techniques similar to wine beverages or beer.

Fermentation:

Fermentation is another process that is employed in the preparation of alcohol and is one of the oldest processes known to mankind. It is generally performed in huge reactors at a more higher temperature range between 21 - 27oC, but warm progress might increase the warm range to 30oC, so chilling coil coolers are used to bring the ambient temperature down. Fermentation can last for about 2-3 days, but actual period of time relies on the substrate used and the reactor temperature. The fermentation broth after the fermentation process varies from 6 -9 percent in alcohol by quantity and this alcohol generally shows the generated part of 90 -98% theoretical transformation of substrate glucose to alcohol.

So these are some general methods of preparing alcohol.

Best workout to lose abdominal fats

 This is the excess fat that accumulates around the stomach area. It is still referred to as belly fat. The more accumulation of the stomach fats leads to abdominal obesity, a situation which can ruin a person. The results of this condition are better revealed on societal relations. However there are other disease dangers associated with abdominal obesity. Belly fat can develop between all personalities. It is not associated with gender barriers, sex or age group. Human beings of all walks of life can be victims of abdominal obesity. Research has revealed that there is a strong relationship that exist between abdominal obesity and a variety of cardiovascular illness and that is why every individual should exercise a lot of extra care on the developments of belly fats

Cited workouts on losing Abdominal fats

In-activeness is a condition which can lead to belly fats accumulation. When a person do not do any exercises the results are disastrous. If a person do not engage in any active exercise or guided, fats will start accumulating mostly around the waist line. It should be a duty for everyone who wants to lose abdominal fats to set aside time for exercise. This could be in guided or general.  Walking, slow running, press-ups and gym exercises will defiantly play a great role in losing or controlling the belly fats.

Uncontrolled eating habits without proper exercises leads to body weight increase. There is a wide variety of foods whose fats contents are very minimal. Refrain from fats contents and get used to whole meal foods such like dried grain foods, fruits and vegetables. Never the less a person is advised to take good care in nutrition to avoid low calories lose.

Every person works hard to be healthy and maintain a good shape without excessive fats.  Too many, maintaining a flat stomach is a daily commitment. There is a chain of recommended exercises founded on a series of training plan exercised by those who have been trained on this field. Where a person cannot afford to hire such services, the natural means of exercise with a commitment, will defiantly bring about tremendous results. Early morning jogging, bicycle riding and home bound exercises will contribute a great deal since there is no medication being applied. It is therefore advisable to make sure that you set some time for exercise on each day. This will not only reduce belly fats and others, but will promote the general health of your body.

There are many characteristic of life habits associated with a healthy lifestyle. Here are a few to mention.

·         Obtain adequate quality sleep.

·         Get sufficient exercise, perform it appropriately and exercise as though you are having fun.

·         Get right hydration; eat the right foods in a balanced formulation.

·         Timing on when to take your food is healthy. It’s not good to take food just before sleeping.

·         Train yourself to eat rational portions and not because you are bored. Foodstuff cannot take the place of love, stop eating for comfort and kill the genetic excuse.

best exercise to lose abdominal fat

 In human body the term “Fat” means a compound comprised of glycerol, a substance formed in fatty acids which are required as a concentrated as an energy source for our body mussels. Fat is actually the storage of unused calories from what we eat every day. There is mainly two genre of fat and they are white fat which is important metabolism for human body and other one is brown fat which is commonly found in the new born babies. Fat is important for our body but in many circumstances and mostly in middle-aged human body fat become a problem because in that time human body gain extra fat from imbalanced eating and need of calories, sometimes human consumes unnecessary more calories the body can use every day. The unused calories become fatty tissues in many body organs and make the obesity or fatty problems in human body. Among them abdominal fat is one of the biggest problems.

Abdominal fat or visceral fat is also called as organ fat or inter abdominal fat which is located in the abdominal cavity. It stands between the organs between stomach, liver, intestines and kidneys. It is different than other fats underneath the skin.

There are so many risks related with abdominal fat. Such as heart disease, hypertensions, insulin resistance. Central fatness is linked with a statistically superior risk of hypertension, insulin resistance, heart disease and Diabetes Mellitus Type and also carries risk of   boost in the waist to hip relation and overall waist perimeter the risk of death increases as well.

So if you are gaining abdominal fat it’s time to take measures against it. There are so many kind of exercises exists to lose abdominal fat but I am going to discuss about the most effective and best exercise which will be able to help you lose extra and harmful abdominal fat. The lying down bicycle crunch exercise is the most effective way to lose abdominal fat from the body. In many health journals and health websites recommended it as the best exercise to lose abdominal fat. The process of this exercise starts with lying down in a parallel a smooth place and keeping the knees bent. Your hand has to be behind the head and elbows should be keeping flared out. The next step is to crunch up and turning to the left. Bring your left elbow to the right knee and at the same time bring your chest to the knees and control your balance. Again go down and as like before bring your right elbow to your left knee. This is the whole process of the lying down bicycle crunch exercise. It’s simple but the most effective one. This exercise is greatly effective though it does not help to lose body fat. But by doing this every day with other fat lose exercises it will remove most of the abdominal fat body contains and give a good shape to the body.  

Belly Fat Loss Exercise

 We'll consider the ideal working out to help you loose belly fat. Then again, well before you discussion the ideal working out, we'll consider alternative activities that will help you to loose belly fat. Initially, you need in order that nutritionally, you have been choosing certainly, very well. Following, in general resistance training is in addition critical. As you join resistance training through decent food intake, organization loose belly fat.

Most people will related to slimming imagine that you'll find it everything regarding that consumption of calories. If you happen to use up consumption of calories much more than one take, one get slimmer. If you take on a lot more consumption of calories rather than it is easy to use up, the system advances unwanted weight. Even while it piece of logic could make awareness, it will be primarily mainly authentic. Everything that uses consumption of calories without layovers can be that muscle tissue first before the normal fats which a lot more intakes in consumption of calories while not body weight earn.
My own experience-
Top notch 5 most beneficial exercise routines to help you loose belly fat
1. That Pedi bike Working out:

Most beneficial designed for looking for that six-pack muscle additionally, the oblique. Of doing this working out gets to an important supine spot through hands and fingers at the rear of bounce . Bring in hips with the pectoral even while using shoulder blades away from the bare floors. Gently bring in ones own best shoulder near ones own allowed to remain leg whilst you straighten ones own best thigh. Go side panels and even persist at a pedaling mobility. Achieve 1 to help you 3 collections through 12 to help you 15 repetitions.
2.That Captain's Styling chair Thigh Bump up:

It working out needs a captain's styling chair, an important roof-rack through shock absorbing arm rest counting in that thighs and legs to hold 100 % free which can be regularly located in gyms and well-being teams. Of doing this working out, withstand in the styling chair and even grip on the club offer has. Squeeze once again with the mattress pad then simply bump up hips with the pectoral to help you get that abs muscles then simply lesser them all back down. Achieve 1 to help you 3 collections through 12 to help you 15 repetitions.
3. Working out Softball Crunch:

For this purpose working out, a work out softball is a good idea. From this plan, that abdominal muscles will do a lot more exerting though might always demand your complete physical structure to help you strengthen the application all through the plan. Of doing this working out, tell a lie on your ball with each of your spine perfectly held. Set hands and fingers lurking behind your head. To help you move that upper body away from the softball, get that abs muscles to help you drag the belonging to the rib wire dog crate to the sides. Continue softball consistent whilst you relax, then simply spine up to stretch your muscles that abs muscles. Achieve 1 to help you 3 collections through 12 to help you 15 repetitions.
4. Contemplate:

Up and down Thigh Crunch -- Engaging in it working out is similar to performing a thigh crunch but the fact that the thighs and legs can be directly, pumping that abs muscles to your job and even attaching concentration with the plan. Of doing this, tell a lie on the floor considering the thighs and legs directly, hips intersected, and even set that hands and fingers within the top of your head designed for guidance. Get abs muscles using that shoulder blades away from the bare floors and even continue thighs and legs at a mounted spot to help you crunch. Achieve 1 to help you 3 collections through 12 to help you 15 repetitions.
5. Much time Limb Crunch:

It's a alternative belonging to the customary bare floors crunch from where the arm rest can be performed upright lurking behind one, attaching an important lever with the relocate and even helping to make for one complex working out. Of doing this, tell a lie on the floor as well as a pad then simply broaden arm rest upright lurking behind, attempting to keep them all clasped and then with the radio stations. Gently get abs muscles and even move shoulder blades away from the bare floors with care to remain that arm rest upright. Achieve 1 to help you 3 collections through 12 to help you 15 repetitions.

Clearly, if you are wonderful time, it is easy to get slimmer while not beginning to see the application. It is essential to try to look for a work out you love. Generally if the implied exercise routines earlier you should not agree with ones own quality, looking for backpack, cooling off and bicycling are equally simply because productive on shedding pounds and even excess fat muscle. Thanks for your time.

Sore throat and its medication

 Sore throat (throat pain) is a symptom of Pharyngitis which is inflammation of the throat. It is also caused by other situation like diphtheria. In sore throat mild to extreme pain is falling into oropharynx region and difficulty in swallowing. Sore throat is caused by both bacteria and virus. Mostly the cause of sore throat is a viral infection about 80% such as cold which mean it cannot be treated with antibiotics. Mostly mild sore throat occur at the start of cold but situation becomes worse when the nose and sinuses get infected and the release of secretions reaches the throat and causes irritations. A mostly streptococcus is the main cause of the bacterial sore throat and it’s called strep throat. Strep throat can sometimes lead to a situation called rheumatoid fever. It cans not a lonely diagnosed by just looking at the throat but also need laboratory tests. Other than these it can also caused by the  dry winter air and also some time when people wake up in the morning they might have a sore throat which doesn't prevail for long and cure automatically and some time by just taking hot drinks.

Sore throat can be treated with home care such as drinking warm water, taking honey or tea, gargle several times in a day with mild warm water having salt in it, cold liquid and swallowing hard candies or lozenges which increase the salivary secretions but this method should not be adopted for the children’s because there is the risk of choking.

But if it is not cured with home care and there are symptoms like fever, swollen lymph gland red rashes sever difficulty in breathing than there is time to take medicine with the advice of your doctor or health care provider.

Cepacol spray for sore throat is useful medicine which contains benzocaine which is a numbing agent and cause numbness when come in contact with throat. Cepacol also available in lozenges and act in the same way as the Cepacol spray but is less effective than the Cepacol.

Some doctors recommend Tylenol and ibuprofen which are pain relievers and is available over the counter. You can take the ibuprofen and Tylenol after the four hours interval and also take in rotation (in rotation means you can take Tylenol one time and ibuprofen next time). Zinc lozenges also use as medicine to combat sore throat. After swallowing the tablet allow it to dissolve in your mouth and zinc enters into your system and fight against the source of sore throat. Supra is also medicine of choice for sore throat when the cause of sore throat is Pharyngitis.

Dengue fever and its symptoms

 Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus, which is also known by the name of break bone fever.  This disease epidemic in many parts of the world and about 110 countries of the world have been affected by this disease.  This disease becomes a great concern of problems after the World War II. About 50 million to 100 million people are affected by this disease every year. Fortunately the death rate from this disease is pretty low. Death occurs due to the dengue hemorrhagic fever. This virus mainly acts on the platelets which play an important role in stopping the bleeding. They tremendously decrease the platelet count in the body resulting in the blood become thin. This thin blood become the cause of the low blood pressure and blood become so much thin that it may start to leak into the body.  All this leads to the dengue shock syndrome.  Dengue virus contains RNA nucleotide and it is of four types. If the person is infected with type one it become a life long immune to this type. Immunity with other type also attains but for very brief or a small period of time. If the person is infected with another type of dengue virus it may lead to life threatening complications. The biggest problem about this virus is that still not a single vaccine is available in the market. Research is going on to prepare an effective vaccine against this disease. Medicine is their but not an effective one is there. The mood of transmission of this virus is through arthropods which include ticks and mosquitoes.  As it is transmitted through the arthropods so it is called as an arthropod born virus. It is primarily transmitted by the mosquitoes. In mosquitoes the Aedes family is the main carrier of the disease and particularly the A. Egyptian is the main source of transmitting the disease. Dengue virus is caused by the female mosquito and male mosquitoes do not source or carrier of the dengue virus. Recently Pakistan is the most affected countries from this virus. In 2009 this virus attacks the Srilanka pretty badly and hundred of people died from this disease. Symptoms which are the cause of the dengue fever are the pain in the joints, rashes on the skin, high fever ranging from 101 to 105 Fahrenheit, pain in the eyes, low blood pressure, and severe pain in the stomach are the main symptoms which appear by affecting dengue virus. 

Treatment of dengue fever

 Dengue fever is becoming endemic in many parts of the world. As the disease recently affects the Pakistan and Srilanka very badly and claiming hundreds of lives. At the present time there is no effective medicine is available against the dengue fever. As the dengue is the cause of the RNA virus. The mortality rate is pretty low about less than 1 % but still it is a dangerous disease. Attempts have been made to make a vaccine against the disease and medicine which directly act against the virus, but then not being able to succeed yet.   If you or your dear one have dengue fever the following treatment method will be very helpful. The treatment of the dengue fever mainly depends on the condition of the patient, as most only 5 % of the total person affected by this disease severely of total person affected by the dengue fever. Fever caused by the dengue virus is treated with the antipyretic drugs like paracetamol (acetaminophen) and for the relief of pain only pain killer are recommended. Aspirin and non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs are contraindicated because they are blood thinner and dengue virus has already decreased the platelets counts so the situation become complicated by using these medicines. If you want to use them use it with your physician advice only.  If the situation becomes worse then first thing we have done is to hospitalize the patient immediately. According to the survey of the world health organization is that the mortality rate without proper treatment is about 40 % but with the proper treatment and management the mortality rate is about as less as 2 % only. As the death occurs from the dengue virus attack is due to DHF (dengue hemorrhagic fever). In DHF situation can become complicated as blood transfusion has to do with induction of intravenous fluid to avoid dehydration with proper care is required. The best possible way to avoid dengue is not allowing the stagnant water around your house and locality as this disease is spread by the mosquitoes so try your level best to keep yourself away from the mosquitoes.   Give normal saline water or dextrose saline water to the patient to avoid dehydration and decrease level of salts in the body.  After the recovery from the disease discontinuous the intravenous fluid to avoid the overloading. After the infection from his one serotype the person become immune to that particular serotype.

Anatomy of Penis

 The penis is the male animal reproductive organ both vertebrate and invertebrates. The pen is also serves as an additional role as male urinary tract in the placental mammals. Penis word is derived from the Latin word meaning tail.

 In human being penis is located above the scrotum and is composed of the spongy tissues and veins. It consists of the following parts shaft, foreskin and foreskin opening. The foreskin is the covering of the penis and it is not the normal radiant skin and foreskin form a double layer by forming fold on itself. The foreskin is divided into the outer foreskin and the inner foreskin. The outer foreskin is a continuation of the shaft. Where as the inner foreskin is the unique skin found in the male as it consists of the mucocutaneous tissue. The head of the penis is the extremely sensitive part of the penis and it is the smooth and shinny part. The frenulum acts as connecting membrane in the penis.  The foreskin has several functions such as to give protection and provide the sufficient covering during the erection. Reduce friction during the chafing process. Foreskin also keeps the Glans soft. The foreskin is about 80 to 70 % of the total penis skin. Foreskin also plays an important role in smooth movement of the penis in the intercourse between two partners. Foreskin helps in the masturbation. Foreskin also helps in stimulation of the G-spot of the female by contact. The glans is and other part present on the bulb part of the penis when it is erected. Because Glans plays an important role in later stages of the sexual intercourse.  The glans is even capable of triggering the organism. Frenulum and the rigid band also play an important role in the stimulation and gives pleasure able feeling during the stimulation or arousal. Erection of the penis results from the increase in blood flow. During the arousal period the blood vessels of the penis become expanded and resulting in the there is more blood flow into the penis and less blood leaves the penis. By this increase blood flow hardening of the penis occur and the corpus cavernosum tissues become hard.

Penis as being the reproductive organ release sperms. The process of releasing the sperm is called ejaculation and it is usually begun during the puberty around 12 to 14 years. Sperm is released into the fluid and its survival time is pretty low.  

Generic Concerta Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Extended-Release (ER) tablets

 A developmental disorder occurs which is called ADHD or the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in which attention problem and the hyperactivity (are those people who can not focus their mind for specific work for a longer period of time and soon they lose their concentration from the work) occur side by side. The symptom of this disease appears in the child before seven year age. It is the most common psychiatric disorder in the young childerns. About 3 to 5 % child affected by this disease every year wild wide. The person who has the ADHD disease like loneliness and very few people diagnosed in the childhood mostly diagnosed in the adult age. It is the chronic disorder and tendency of ADHD in boys is more than the girls.

Watson pharmaceutical industries have launched a new medicine for the treatment of the ADHD. The name of the medicine is the generic concerta and its chemical name is methylphenidate hydrochloride extended release tablet. It is the generic version of the concerta and is called as generic concerta but actually its name is concerta. It is approved for the treatment of the both children and adults. It is become so much popular for the treatment that it is stated by the report of the IMS Health that about 1.5 billion generic concerta has been sold in the last twelve month. Generic concerta tablets are available in different strength such as in concerta 18 mg, concerta 27 mg concerta 54 mg and also in concerta 36 mg.
Drug should be given with precaution to the following patient such as who have heart problem such as high blood pressure and also the pregnant women must use it with the advice of the doctor and it is totally prohibited in the patient who have glaucoma or have anxiety problems. Allergic patient also use it with care.
As all the medicine has some side effect in the same way concerta also have some side effect. The side effect cause by the concerta is not sever it can easily treated by your health care provider or medication. The most common side effect of the concerta which have been reported include:
About 25 % report the problem of anorexia or loss of appetite. Headache is reported in about 22.2 % patient. Dry mouth is reported in about 14 % patient who are on his medication of concerts . Nausea and insomnia are reported in about 12 % person. Tics, infection in upper respiratory tract and abdominal pain are reported in about 7 to 8 % person. Other than these side effects other effects include weight loss, feeling of irritation, dizziness, sweating become increased, vomiting, tremors and in girls painful periods along with fever are reported in about 5 to 7 % patients. It is also reported that the children who are on the concert medication might have fewer problems with growth. The growth problem is minimal and it does not affect greatly and children can easily catch this up. Other than these problem sexual dysfunction, baldness or hair loss and problem in thyroid glass is also reported.
Concert act as a stimulant and it abuse is dangerous. Abuse of the medication occurs when we took a higher dose of the medication than its therapeutic use. The side effects become pretty severe such as the weight loss serious losses. It can dangerously cause the increased heart rate and hyperthermia and seizure can also occur. If you are concerta abuser than you have to talk to your health care provider as early as possible because it can dangerous or some time life threatening as well.
Concerta was first approved for the children but because of the efficacy of the drug it is also approved for the adults as well. Now it is also used in adult as well to treat ADHD.

Through the use of the generic concerta people can give more attention towards their work for longer period of time and their learning problem also become solved so that your child perform better in the school. You can give it to your child before he goes to school and result will be positive after the use of the generic concerta.

World health organization (WHO)

 WHO or world health organization is a sub branch of his UN and its work for the public health internationally.  Its headquarter is situated in the Geneva Switzerland and is establish or founded in the 7 April 1948. It is the successor of the HEALTH ORGANIZATION which was the department of the league of nation and inherited the same mandate and resources. Its flag contains the sign Rod of Aaclepius which is the symbol of healing.

Its main purpose is the control the disease such as SARS, malaria, AIDS etc. the world health organization sponsor these programs and with the respective countries where he has started his program. It supports the development of the vaccines and after makes sure that it is also distributed to the member countries in their expanded program on immunizations. Due to the efforts of the WHO they have declared that the world is now free from his small pox and it is totally eradicated from the world. This is the first time ever in the main history any disease has been eradicated from the world just because of the efforts of the world health organization. There next target is to eradicate the polio from the world scene with in the coming years. It also informs the member nation about the good and standard health practices and policies and work as averse to watch the international health regulations are implemented properly and also published medical classification on disease ICF, ICHI, also annually publish world health report and also give an assessment on the global health. It also run many campaigns to increase the quality of life and increase life span of people world wide for example it run the campaigns through which he developed awareness among people that fruits and vegetable must give preference on the meat in daily diet and that tobacco is injurious to the health. It celebrates the world health day every year in which they specifically focus on the single health related topic. No one can negate the role and importance of the world health organization.

Drug act 1976

 As there are rules and regulation for everything in the country which is explained by the act for the same purpose an act was made in 1976 to regulate the export, import, storage, manufacturing distribution and sale of the drug. This act was made to ensure that public health remains at his standard of the world health organization. As it was enforced since the 1976 it is called as Drug act 1976. The act is divided into the five chapters which explain the different rules of this act.

The first chapter is an introduction to the different terms use in the act and gives the meaning of these terms such as adulterated drug mean drug; applet board means the board which is constituted under the section 9 and also gives the detail definition of the drug and other terms.

The second chapter of the Drug act 1976 is about the administration and enforcement of the drug. In this chapter it is told that this authority is given to the federal government and if any changes federal government want to make in the act it should publish it in the gazette. The main topic is about regulation of sale manufacturing registration of the drug, Pakistan national formulary, applet board, inspectors and their power and provincial government authority are the main topic of the chapter. The third chapter is about the prohibition and their advertisement rule, control of sampling and control of printing and label.

The fourth chapter is about the agencies and their penalties and what procedure would be adopted in that case.  Last and fifth chapter is about the miscellaneous things such as power of federal and provincial government to make the rules, and about the repeal and savings. This act has come into force since it is published and is applicable all over the Pakistan. 

Health Problems in Pregnancy

  Women саn experience a plethora of hеаlth рrоblеmѕ when it соmеѕ to their state of pregnancy. Thiѕ article will talk about thе 5 most common hеаlth problems during pregnancy. Thеу аrе mоrning sickness, fatigue, frеquеnt urination, соnѕtiраtiоn, аnd hеаrtburn. Now уоu will rеаd аnоthеr 5, аnd of соurѕе, with thеir solutions.

Hеrе they are:
Hеаdасhе:
Hеаdасhе соmmоnlу occurs in рrеgnаnсу, especially during thе first trimеѕtеr. Yоu gеt a dull hеаdасhе in thе entire hеаd with оr withоut thе pain аt backside оf thе nесk.Thе еxасt reason for these hеаdасhеѕ iѕ unknоwn. Hоwеvеr, thеу ѕееm to be rеlаtеd to hоrmоnаl changes during pregnancy since they gеnеrаllу gеt bеttеr during ѕесоnd trimеѕtеr, when your hоrmоnаl lеvеlѕ tend to ѕtаbilizе. Lасk оf рrореr night sleep, dehydration, ѕtrеѕѕ, fаtiguе, ѕinuѕ соngеѕtiоn оr еуеѕtrаin might аlѕо lеаd to headaches during pregnancy.
Solutions:
Trу finding out thе cause оf раin. If thе hеаdасhеѕ аrе duе tо lасk of еnоugh ѕlеер, bring in nарѕ in уоur dау'ѕ schedule and ѕlеер fоr 9-10 hоurѕ at night. If аrgumеntѕ with fаmilу оf friends аrе causing thе рrоblеm, settle with appropriate ѕоlutiоnѕ. Avoid rеаding tоо muсh аnd gеt еуеѕight сhесkеd if eyestrain is саuѕing headache. If tеnѕiоn is thе rеаѕоn, try applying cool оr wаrm compress tо уоur hеаd.·         Tаkе a ѕhоwеr and get a head mаѕѕаgе dоnе.
·         Nеvеr kеер your stomach еmрtу аnd eat frequently
·         Uѕе rеlаxаtiоn techniques likе уоgа аnd meditation or go fоr acupuncture.
Yоu muѕt not take аnу оf thе раinkillеrѕ likе ibuрrоfеn оr аѕрirin during pregnancy. Inѕtеаd, соnѕult your hеаlth саrе рrоvidеr and get thе mеdiсаtiоnѕ thаt аrе safe during pregnancy.
Abdоminаl раin:
Frоm ѕесоnd trimеѕtеr оnwаrdѕ, уоu might feel a stretching раin in thе lоwеr аbdоmеn. Thе pain might bе brief but sharp оr might bе dull аnd lоng lаѕting. Thiѕ pain оссurѕ because of ѕtrеtсhing аnd thiсkеning оf ligaments аnd muscles ѕuрроrting уоur uterus tо hоuѕе аnd hоld thе new girth оf uterus.Abdominal pain might аlѕо оссur bесаuѕе of constipation аnd/оr gas and blоаting.
Solutions:
·         If thе pain iѕ duе tо stretching оf ligаmеntѕ, changing уоur роѕitiоnѕ whilе уоu аrе diѕсоmfоrtеd might hеlр.
·         In саѕе оf thе rеаѕоnѕ being соnѕtiраtiоn аnd/оr gаѕ, thе rеmеdiеѕ аrе getting rid оf thеѕе саuѕеѕ.
To сurе abdominal gаѕ:
Avоid сеrtаin foods like broccoli, аѕраrаguѕ, potato аnd pasta as thеу саuѕе gas. Sоmе fibеr-riсh foods like саbbаgе, Bruѕѕеlѕ ѕрrоutѕ, саuliflоwеr, bеаnѕ, oat bran, аnd mаnу fruitѕ might аlѕо саuѕе gаѕ but since уоu nееd fibеr tо avoid соnѕtiраtiоn, you cannot avoid their intake, but rеduсе it. Yоu саn аlѕо соnѕidеr tаking whеаt bran. It is аn еxсеllеnt source of fiber аnd dоеѕ not саuѕе gаѕ.·         Eаt small аnd frеquеnt mеаlѕ.
·         Tаkе thе fluidѕ in bеtwееn the mеаlѕ instead оf tаking thеm аlоng.
·         Dо not tаkе aerated drinkѕ and аvоid сhеwing gumѕ.
·         Prасtiсе mоdеrаtе еxеrсiѕеѕ оr уоgа.
Sleeping рrоblеmѕ:
Wоmеn invаriаblу get insomnia during рrеgnаnсу. Thiѕ рrоbаblу оссurѕ bесаuѕе of diѕсоmfоrtѕ due to frеquеnt nееd tо urinаtе, hеаdасhе, backache, or anxiousness аnd еxсitеmеnt аbоut new bаbу'ѕ аrrivаl.
Sоlutiоnѕ:
·         Trу taking a wаrm bаth or bоdу mаѕѕаgе before your sleep.
·         Avоid еаting before gоing to bed.
·         Enѕurе that thе tеmреrаturе оf rооm whеrе you sleep is suitable. Also, еnѕurе there iѕ nо light оr ѕоund in the room.
·         If уоu are unable tо ѕlеер, dо not wоrrу; instead relax уоurѕеlf by reading a book оr liѕtеning tо muѕiс.
·         Whеn уоur abdomen iѕ big, ѕlеерing оn ѕidе with a рillоw between thе lеgѕ аnd one undеr thе аbdоmеn will comfort уоu.
·         Trу ѕlеерing оn your left ѕidе, whiсh iѕ the bеѕt роѕitiоn аѕ it allows a better flow оf blооd аnd nutrients to your baby through placenta. In this роѕitiоn, your kidneys also are аblе tо еliminаtе wаѕtе and fluidѕ mоrе efficiently reducing the ѕwеlling in уоur hands аnd fееt. Slеерing on bасk mау inсrеаѕе bасkасhе, impair уоur digestion, blооd сirсulаtiоn and your brеаthing. In 2nd and 3rd trimеѕtеr, it mау also аffесt your blood рrеѕѕurе.
Chаngеѕ in ѕkin соlоr:
During рrеgnаnсу, ѕоmе women gеt brown or yellowing раtсh оvеr nose and сhееkѕ and аrоund thе eyes. These are саllеd 'сhlоаѕmа оr melasma'. They can оссur оn other body раrtѕ as well.In mаnу women, a dаrk line арреаrѕ оn midline оf thеir lower abdomen, thiѕ iѕ called 'linea nigrа'.All thеѕе diѕсоlоrаtiоnѕ occur because of increased synthesis оf melanin, a pigment thаt givеѕ соlоr tо уоur ѕkin аnd hаir. Thеу uѕuаllу gо after dеlivеrу. Hоwеvеr, thеrе are wауѕ to reduce thеir formation while уоu аrе bеаring уоur baby.
Sоlutiоnѕ:
·         Avоid gоing оut in ѕun. Sunlight further inсrеаѕеѕ melanin formation. Uѕе sun blосk containing SPF 15.
·         Do not blеасh your ѕkin tо gеt rid оf рigmеntаtiоn instead uѕе mаkеuр tо conceal.
Bасkасhе:
Bасkасhе оссurѕ bесаuѕе оf mаnу rеаѕоnѕ. Yоur ligаmеntѕ thаt jоin реlviс bоnеѕ to ѕрinе аrе mаdе lооѕе tо facilitate childbirth causing раin when уоu stand, wаlk оr ѕit for a lоng time. Inсrеаѕing ѕizе оf utеruѕ аlѕо puts a ѕtrаin оn уоur bасk. Finally, ѕinсе уоur muѕсlеѕ hаvе tо саrrу еxtrа wеight, thеу have to dо еxtrа work that makes thеm еxhаuѕtеd and hеnсе раinful.
Sоlutiоnѕ:
·         Sit on a сhаir, whiсh hаѕ a good support for уоur bасk.
·         Avoid standing fоr lоng реriоdѕ.
·         Bend уоur knees, inѕtеаd tо bасk
·         Dо not lift hеаvу objects.
·         Sleep on уоur lеft (рrеfеrаblу) ѕidе, with a pillow undеr уоur abdomen and bеtwееn уоur lеgѕ
·         Frоm еаrlу рrеgnаnсу, bеgin аn еxеrсiѕе рrоgrаm. Frеԛuеntlу ѕtrеtсh уоur bоdу. Swimming iѕ аlѕо a gооd еxеrсiѕе to ѕtrеngthеn your back аnd abdominal muѕсlеѕ.
·         Avoid wеаring high-heeled ѕhоеѕ and trу to ѕtаnd ѕtrаight (although it might bе diffiсult).
·         You саn also соnѕidеr uѕing abdomen-supporting girdlеѕ. 

Pharmacy Council of Pakistan

  The council which regulates the pharmacy practices in Pakistan is called as Pharmacy council Pakistan. Pharmacy Council of Pakistan is a centralized institute. It has two main role first of all to regulate the pharmacy education in the Pakistan and secondly done the registration of the qualified pharmacists from the institutes which are approved by the pharmacy council. The council was coming into existence after the act of 1967 which is also called as the pharmacy council act. It is an independent authority, the chairman of his council is appointed by the prime minister of Pakistan in consultation with the pharmacist association of Pakistan and drug controller. 

The duration of the tenor of the chairman is on the 3 year. There is also vice president of the pharmacy council of Pakistan whose job tenure is about 1 year. He works for the assistance of the chairman or president of the council and act as acting president when the actual one is not present. One member can re elect several times as there is not a limitation of its reelection. It constitutes on the eight members and out of these eight members four comes from the four different provinces and there is a restriction on to become a member and that is he should be a teacher of the pharmaceutical chemistry. The council has given approval to 12 public institutes and nine private institutes whose candidate can register with the council as these institutes are approved by the pharmacy council. 

Pharmacy Council has worked hard to increase the pharmacy standards and number of pharmacists in Pakistan. If we compare it with the past we see that at the time of independence Pakistan imports medicines but due to the efforts of the council the Pakistan has started to export the medicine to the other countries as well.