Health Problems in Pregnancy

  Women саn experience a plethora of hеаlth рrоblеmѕ when it соmеѕ to their state of pregnancy. Thiѕ article will talk about thе 5 most common hеаlth problems during pregnancy. Thеу аrе mоrning sickness, fatigue, frеquеnt urination, соnѕtiраtiоn, аnd hеаrtburn. Now уоu will rеаd аnоthеr 5, аnd of соurѕе, with thеir solutions.

Hеrе they are:
Hеаdасhе:
Hеаdасhе соmmоnlу occurs in рrеgnаnсу, especially during thе first trimеѕtеr. Yоu gеt a dull hеаdасhе in thе entire hеаd with оr withоut thе pain аt backside оf thе nесk.Thе еxасt reason for these hеаdасhеѕ iѕ unknоwn. Hоwеvеr, thеу ѕееm to be rеlаtеd to hоrmоnаl changes during pregnancy since they gеnеrаllу gеt bеttеr during ѕесоnd trimеѕtеr, when your hоrmоnаl lеvеlѕ tend to ѕtаbilizе. Lасk оf рrореr night sleep, dehydration, ѕtrеѕѕ, fаtiguе, ѕinuѕ соngеѕtiоn оr еуеѕtrаin might аlѕо lеаd to headaches during pregnancy.
Solutions:
Trу finding out thе cause оf раin. If thе hеаdасhеѕ аrе duе tо lасk of еnоugh ѕlеер, bring in nарѕ in уоur dау'ѕ schedule and ѕlеер fоr 9-10 hоurѕ at night. If аrgumеntѕ with fаmilу оf friends аrе causing thе рrоblеm, settle with appropriate ѕоlutiоnѕ. Avoid rеаding tоо muсh аnd gеt еуеѕight сhесkеd if eyestrain is саuѕing headache. If tеnѕiоn is thе rеаѕоn, try applying cool оr wаrm compress tо уоur hеаd.·         Tаkе a ѕhоwеr and get a head mаѕѕаgе dоnе.
·         Nеvеr kеер your stomach еmрtу аnd eat frequently
·         Uѕе rеlаxаtiоn techniques likе уоgа аnd meditation or go fоr acupuncture.
Yоu muѕt not take аnу оf thе раinkillеrѕ likе ibuрrоfеn оr аѕрirin during pregnancy. Inѕtеаd, соnѕult your hеаlth саrе рrоvidеr and get thе mеdiсаtiоnѕ thаt аrе safe during pregnancy.
Abdоminаl раin:
Frоm ѕесоnd trimеѕtеr оnwаrdѕ, уоu might feel a stretching раin in thе lоwеr аbdоmеn. Thе pain might bе brief but sharp оr might bе dull аnd lоng lаѕting. Thiѕ pain оссurѕ because of ѕtrеtсhing аnd thiсkеning оf ligaments аnd muscles ѕuрроrting уоur uterus tо hоuѕе аnd hоld thе new girth оf uterus.Abdominal pain might аlѕо оссur bесаuѕе of constipation аnd/оr gas and blоаting.
Solutions:
·         If thе pain iѕ duе tо stretching оf ligаmеntѕ, changing уоur роѕitiоnѕ whilе уоu аrе diѕсоmfоrtеd might hеlр.
·         In саѕе оf thе rеаѕоnѕ being соnѕtiраtiоn аnd/оr gаѕ, thе rеmеdiеѕ аrе getting rid оf thеѕе саuѕеѕ.
To сurе abdominal gаѕ:
Avоid сеrtаin foods like broccoli, аѕраrаguѕ, potato аnd pasta as thеу саuѕе gas. Sоmе fibеr-riсh foods like саbbаgе, Bruѕѕеlѕ ѕрrоutѕ, саuliflоwеr, bеаnѕ, oat bran, аnd mаnу fruitѕ might аlѕо саuѕе gаѕ but since уоu nееd fibеr tо avoid соnѕtiраtiоn, you cannot avoid their intake, but rеduсе it. Yоu саn аlѕо соnѕidеr tаking whеаt bran. It is аn еxсеllеnt source of fiber аnd dоеѕ not саuѕе gаѕ.·         Eаt small аnd frеquеnt mеаlѕ.
·         Tаkе thе fluidѕ in bеtwееn the mеаlѕ instead оf tаking thеm аlоng.
·         Dо not tаkе aerated drinkѕ and аvоid сhеwing gumѕ.
·         Prасtiсе mоdеrаtе еxеrсiѕеѕ оr уоgа.
Sleeping рrоblеmѕ:
Wоmеn invаriаblу get insomnia during рrеgnаnсу. Thiѕ рrоbаblу оссurѕ bесаuѕе of diѕсоmfоrtѕ due to frеquеnt nееd tо urinаtе, hеаdасhе, backache, or anxiousness аnd еxсitеmеnt аbоut new bаbу'ѕ аrrivаl.
Sоlutiоnѕ:
·         Trу taking a wаrm bаth or bоdу mаѕѕаgе before your sleep.
·         Avоid еаting before gоing to bed.
·         Enѕurе that thе tеmреrаturе оf rооm whеrе you sleep is suitable. Also, еnѕurе there iѕ nо light оr ѕоund in the room.
·         If уоu are unable tо ѕlеер, dо not wоrrу; instead relax уоurѕеlf by reading a book оr liѕtеning tо muѕiс.
·         Whеn уоur abdomen iѕ big, ѕlеерing оn ѕidе with a рillоw between thе lеgѕ аnd one undеr thе аbdоmеn will comfort уоu.
·         Trу ѕlеерing оn your left ѕidе, whiсh iѕ the bеѕt роѕitiоn аѕ it allows a better flow оf blооd аnd nutrients to your baby through placenta. In this роѕitiоn, your kidneys also are аblе tо еliminаtе wаѕtе and fluidѕ mоrе efficiently reducing the ѕwеlling in уоur hands аnd fееt. Slеерing on bасk mау inсrеаѕе bасkасhе, impair уоur digestion, blооd сirсulаtiоn and your brеаthing. In 2nd and 3rd trimеѕtеr, it mау also аffесt your blood рrеѕѕurе.
Chаngеѕ in ѕkin соlоr:
During рrеgnаnсу, ѕоmе women gеt brown or yellowing раtсh оvеr nose and сhееkѕ and аrоund thе eyes. These are саllеd 'сhlоаѕmа оr melasma'. They can оссur оn other body раrtѕ as well.In mаnу women, a dаrk line арреаrѕ оn midline оf thеir lower abdomen, thiѕ iѕ called 'linea nigrа'.All thеѕе diѕсоlоrаtiоnѕ occur because of increased synthesis оf melanin, a pigment thаt givеѕ соlоr tо уоur ѕkin аnd hаir. Thеу uѕuаllу gо after dеlivеrу. Hоwеvеr, thеrе are wауѕ to reduce thеir formation while уоu аrе bеаring уоur baby.
Sоlutiоnѕ:
·         Avоid gоing оut in ѕun. Sunlight further inсrеаѕеѕ melanin formation. Uѕе sun blосk containing SPF 15.
·         Do not blеасh your ѕkin tо gеt rid оf рigmеntаtiоn instead uѕе mаkеuр tо conceal.
Bасkасhе:
Bасkасhе оссurѕ bесаuѕе оf mаnу rеаѕоnѕ. Yоur ligаmеntѕ thаt jоin реlviс bоnеѕ to ѕрinе аrе mаdе lооѕе tо facilitate childbirth causing раin when уоu stand, wаlk оr ѕit for a lоng time. Inсrеаѕing ѕizе оf utеruѕ аlѕо puts a ѕtrаin оn уоur bасk. Finally, ѕinсе уоur muѕсlеѕ hаvе tо саrrу еxtrа wеight, thеу have to dо еxtrа work that makes thеm еxhаuѕtеd and hеnсе раinful.
Sоlutiоnѕ:
·         Sit on a сhаir, whiсh hаѕ a good support for уоur bасk.
·         Avoid standing fоr lоng реriоdѕ.
·         Bend уоur knees, inѕtеаd tо bасk
·         Dо not lift hеаvу objects.
·         Sleep on уоur lеft (рrеfеrаblу) ѕidе, with a pillow undеr уоur abdomen and bеtwееn уоur lеgѕ
·         Frоm еаrlу рrеgnаnсу, bеgin аn еxеrсiѕе рrоgrаm. Frеԛuеntlу ѕtrеtсh уоur bоdу. Swimming iѕ аlѕо a gооd еxеrсiѕе to ѕtrеngthеn your back аnd abdominal muѕсlеѕ.
·         Avoid wеаring high-heeled ѕhоеѕ and trу to ѕtаnd ѕtrаight (although it might bе diffiсult).
·         You саn also соnѕidеr uѕing abdomen-supporting girdlеѕ. 

Low Carb Diets lead to successful long term Weight Loss

  There are many low-carb diets circulating today in the forms of cook books, how-to guides and consumable products, each one echoing the same basic rules for weight loss and long-term healthy living.Although there is speculation as to whether or not this type of diet is healthy or safe for everyone to use, scientific evidence shows reducing the daily intake of Carbohydrates is an effective and rapid way to shed extra pounds. When food is consumed, the first nutrients our body absorbs are the Carbohydrates. Carbs produce Glucose, which is used for energy and once the liver has had its fill, the excess is turned into fat for later use.

The average person consumes 50 to 60 percent of their daily diet in Carbohydrates. While each individual’s tolerance and intake is different, this amount most often leads to weight gain, regardless of how active a person may be.Low-Carb diets seek to first reduce the individuals intake of Carbohydrates to as low as 0 to 5 percent for the beginning of the program. This portion of the diet forces the body to rely on its stored fat for energy instead of from daily consumption. The result is rapid weight loss as the body burns through fat. As the program progresses, the amount allowed of daily Carbohydrates increases in increments, slowing the weight loss slightly but still continuing to burn fat. As more “good carbs” are allowed into the diet, the range of allowable foods increases, giving dieters more choices for meals.

The final stage of these diets is a complete, regular meal plan full of healthy and filling meals without the constant consumption of foods that eventually become stored in fat. The goal is to become educated eaters, making right choices in regards to food, and keeping excess weight off permanently.Foods that are high in sugar and Carbohydrates are cheap and easily accessible, and combined with our eating-on-the-go habits, this is a receipt for obesity. Popular low-Carb diets such as the “Atkins” diet, state that in order to loose weight, we should avoid “danger foods”. These include candy bars, chips and cookies which are products many commuters chose to grab when hunger strikes on the road. Also listed in foods to avoid are “White foods” such as sugars, flour, potatoes and white rice. Many low-Carb diet guides suggest alternatives to these products both for meal time and on-the-go snacks, and even produce lines of products that can be purchased at grocery stores.

These products include low-carb candy bars, cookies, chocolates and chips made from products other than potatoes. Carrying one of these snacks in the car, bag or backpack will help reduce the consumption of road snacking, high sugared products. Regardless of whether a person chooses to use one these pre-made low-carb diets or simply to reduce the amount of “bad carbs” they consume daily, the choice of a healthier way of living can lead to weight loss and over-all increased health. Reducing obesity can prevent many health problems, such as risk of heart-attack or stroke. Each low-carb diet follows the basic belief that reducing the amount of carbohydrates and sugars consumed each day combined with exercise can help many people to loose the weight and feel physically better.
The low-carb diet is not for everyone. Talk with your doctor before beginning this or any diet to determine if it is right for you.

Pharmacy Council of Pakistan

  The council which regulates the pharmacy practices in Pakistan is called as Pharmacy council Pakistan. Pharmacy Council of Pakistan is a centralized institute. It has two main role first of all to regulate the pharmacy education in the Pakistan and secondly done the registration of the qualified pharmacists from the institutes which are approved by the pharmacy council. The council was coming into existence after the act of 1967 which is also called as the pharmacy council act. It is an independent authority, the chairman of his council is appointed by the prime minister of Pakistan in consultation with the pharmacist association of Pakistan and drug controller. 

The duration of the tenor of the chairman is on the 3 year. There is also vice president of the pharmacy council of Pakistan whose job tenure is about 1 year. He works for the assistance of the chairman or president of the council and act as acting president when the actual one is not present. One member can re elect several times as there is not a limitation of its reelection. It constitutes on the eight members and out of these eight members four comes from the four different provinces and there is a restriction on to become a member and that is he should be a teacher of the pharmaceutical chemistry. The council has given approval to 12 public institutes and nine private institutes whose candidate can register with the council as these institutes are approved by the pharmacy council. 

Pharmacy Council has worked hard to increase the pharmacy standards and number of pharmacists in Pakistan. If we compare it with the past we see that at the time of independence Pakistan imports medicines but due to the efforts of the council the Pakistan has started to export the medicine to the other countries as well. 

PMDC (Pakistan medical and dental council)

  Pakistan medical or dental council or PMDC is a regulatory authority which is formed of the ordinance of the 1962 as a body independent body. It is internationally known council and is part of the IAMRA mean the International community of medical regulatory authorities. If any Pakistani wants to practice then he must have to register himself to the medical and dental council.

The medical council transformed into the present council after dissolving the provincial medical council in 1962. The functions and duties perform by the medical and dental council area; a uniform course for MBBS and BDS throughout the Pakistan.

To prescribe the duration for completing the graduate, and what content should they read. Set the admission criteria in medical and dental councils. Set the standard for teacher who wants to teach in these medical institutes which are approved by the medical and dental council such as qualification and experience. Register the students and the factuality of medical institutes. It maintains the practitioner registers. Inspect the institutes for maintaining the standard and also monitor the examination process. It inspects the hospitals where the students do house jobs. It also listens complain against the register practitioner on the negligence of their duties.

Council has representation from the national assembly, from the provincial government; different universities register medical and dental practitioners, teaching staff, DG of health of government of Pakistan and also have the nominee from the chief justice of Pakistan. It is said that the inspection standards of PMDC of medical institutes are comparable to the United States standards.The council has achieved several achievements such as it is one of the leaders of the IAMRA.

The PMDC is now working on the development of the national curriculum in collaboration with his higher education commission of Pakistan for MBBS, BDS and for post graduate studies. The council has never compromised with the education standard that is why it has taken strict action against the illegal institutes and against those who are not giving quality education.

Long Term psychological Effects Of Alcohol

  Alcoholism can be determined as one of the common epidemics that are on the rise. Excessive intake of alcohol has a chain of health disorders that are bound to envelop human beings.

In fact, it is one of the biggest reasons that can contribute to death. It is true that you may have attained the age of 21 years which debars you from the refrain of alcohol. However, it does not implicate that you can always rely on these as a staple beverage of your life, you must realize that once you have got addicted to this drug laced beverage, you will not be able to live a quality life.

You may even tend to indulge in misconduct which can offend the people that are around you. Moreover, there are Long Term Effects Of Alcohol those would hinder the proper growth of your life processes.
In this article, we will focus on the effects of the alcohol in the long run; you will even come to know that alcohol is an evil substance that has a tendency to damage most of your body parts when you rely on the excess consumption of alcohol.

The Long Term Effects Of Alcohol triggers liver and brain. Imagine how ineffective your life will be when your brain and liver will not be functioning in the way they are supposed to be. In addition to this, you will be invited trouble in your life that pertain to oral disorder, the throat disorder, cancer of esophagus, lips and liver.

The brain injury, memory loss, confusion and hallucinations accompanied by a rise in levels of blood pressure will be some of the undesirable changes that you come across in your life when you consider alcohol to be your aid. In fact, it is not your aid, but is the evil substance that gradually eats up all the elegance of your life.

This Long Term Effects Of Alcohol will even target your heart and your pulse rate tends to get irregular. You will be leading a life where alcoholism will be enjoyed by you but your body will have to suffer due to your addiction to such an unethical addiction on alcohol. Thus, you must give it a deep thought and analyze that alcohol should not be taken in an excess amount. Let us be clear that alcohol is not at all a suggested beverage. However, if you drink it occasionally it is fine. You must not cross the limit and enter the phase of excessive alcoholism.

Treatment of cervical cancer

  Treatment of the cervical cancer depends upon the staging and the grading of the cancer. There are vaccine available against the human papilloma virus as it is found to be the main cause of this cancer but vaccines are available against only two stereotypes. Mode of treatment according to the grading and staging of virus is if the stage one type of cancer than the hysterectomy is done in which all parts of the vagina and whole uterus is removed and for  stage one AI the lymph nodes are also removed. One of the drawbacks of this kind of operation is that female not remain fertile for this purpose another type is done to remove the tumor is trachelectomy. 

Early stage are treated with radical hysterectomy along with the radio therapy is done. Larger early stage cancer is mostly treated with the radiation and the chemotherapy cisplatin and followed by the hysterectomy and some time cisplatin is given after the hysterectomy. In 2005 new combination of the drug has been approved for the treatment of the cervical cancer are the cisplatin along with the hycamtin (is manufactured by the GsK) which greatly reduce the risk of the anemia thrombocyto penia and neutropenia. 

Drug act 1976 in Pakistan

  The current drug act which is practiced in Pakistan was made in 1976. This drug act was made to regulate the different sectors of the drug such as import export, what is the condition of storage for a particular drug, how these drugs will distribute and sale of drugs.

This act is same for every part of Pakistan and it has been enforced since then. There is a book available of this drug act which will guide about all the rules and regulation of this act.This book is divided into the five chapters. The first chapter is called introductory chapter in which all the introduction about the drug is given. The second chapter is about the administration and the enforcement of this drug act.

The third chapter is about the prohibition and certain things are prohibited until they are approved by the particular depart of government of Pakistan. The fourth chapter is about the offense and what are the penalties on that fence and what procedure should be adopted in that case and the last and the fifth chapter is about the miscellaneous things. All the import export and other things are done in the light of this drug act of 1976.

Medical universities in China 2026

  China is on the path of glory. It is estimated that around 2020 china will be the world largest economy.  But the question is why developing country is becoming the world power the answer is pretty simple that education is a base for the development. The Chinese government has given a great importance to the medical education so that is why student from the different countries are coming to the china for education. Now they can study their course in English in Chinese university as well. Most of the Chinese universities are approved by the world health organization (WHO) so the students of these universities can easily study in worlds other university as well after completing their courses. 

The education in China is cheap as compared to the world.   If you want to go to china for any medical courses like MBBS, BDS and Pharmacy then china is the best place for it.  The list of the top medical universities of china is China medical university, China concord medical science university, Harbin medical university, Capital medical university, southern medical university, Anhui Medical University, Wenzhou Medical College (WMC) and Qingdao Technological University are the top medical universities of china. If you want to go for medical education make these universities on your priority for admission.

Drug Act 1967 Pakistan

  In 1967 the national assembly of Pakistan approved for a centralized body which can bring the uniformity in the field of pharmacy. This act is all about pharmacy and Pakistan pharmacy council came into existence after this act.

In this act they give the outline structure of the pharmacy council of Pakistan and also the provincial council of Pakistan which should be established in each province of Pakistan. The pharmacy council of Pakistan is the centralized and supreme council of pharmacy.

The directions of establishing the council such as who will be the president of the council is given in this article for both central and provincial councils. This act also defines the power of the council such as pharmacy council has to perform two main functions. Number one is to register and regulate the education of pharmacy.

Number second is registering the qualified pharmacists who have completed their education in the field of pharmacy from the institutes which are listed by the pharmacy council of Pakistan.  It is stated in the act that the head of the central council is appointed by the prime minister and head of the provincial council is appointed by the chief ministers of the respective countries.

The member structure of the councils and their qualification standards all have been set in this act. It is stated that the president of the council is nominated for three years and he can also be re nominated as well and along with the president there should also be vice president of the council too who can perform his duties under the supervision of the president and vice president is elected from within the council members for one year.

There is the limit that one should have the teaching experience in the either pharmaceutical chemistry or pharmaceutical sciences to become a member of these councils. 

Breast Cancer and its symptoms

  Breast cancer is one of the most common diseases in the developing world and it is less common in the third world countries. It originates from the milk ducts and lobules. So the cancers which originate in the ducts are called as ductal carcinoma and the cancer which originates from the lobules is called as lobular carcinoma. There is more chance of developing breast cancer in the female then the male.  Breast cancer is occurring in the humans and in the mammals. Diagnosis and survival rate of the infected persons is depending upon the staging and type of the cancer. The survival rate from the breast cancer is about 85%.  It is one of the most common cancers and comprises of 22.9 % of total cancer patient in the world. About four lack and eighty five thousand people died from the breast cancer all over the world. Female have two time more tendency than the male to develop the breast cancer, survival rate is more in female than the male because of the late diagnosis.

The sign and symptom which appear in breast cancer are the feeling of lumps in a breast than the other breast.  About 85 % chance of the breast cancer when some one reports lumps in the breast. This is diagnosed by the mammogram and lumps located in the lymph node. There is change in the size shape and appearance oft he breast and some time pain is also feel but we can not use pain as the diagnostic tool.

Inflammatory breast cancer is type of breast cancer which is difficult to diagnose. The symptom which appears during the breast cancer is the similar to the normal inflammation of the breast. The symptoms include pain itching, redness and warmth is also felt and inversion of nipple also occurs.  Breast cancer is normally dangerous disease which is metastatic in nature. Metastasis is spreading of the cancer to other parts of the body as well. That why it is very dangerous cancer as it affects the other parts of the body as well.  Most common site where breast cancers can metastasis is the liver bones, kidney, lungs which are most vulnerable part during the breast cancer and the some time brain as well.  Weight loss is also reported in the breast cancer and some time fever and chills are also reported. Pains in bone and in joints are the main sign that the breast cancer is of metastatic type. 

Signs of a Concussion

  A concussion is a momentary loss of the usual brain purposes. In general, brain injuries appear when someone has an auto-mobile accident, a fall, an industrial accident, sports injuries, blows expected from fights or whichever small head injury. More exactly, when the body receives a powerful shake, the brain can hit the interior of the skull. Due to this injury the blood vessels can tear apart. Even if in general a concussion is not equal with a brain damage, it is wise to see a doctor immediately and to get some efficient medical attention. In general, concussions are quite ordinary. The specialists stated that, for example, someone in America has a severe concussion about every 21 seconds. Also, men are more exposed than females. It is important to mention that the symptoms and the signs of a concussion are sometimes hard to notice and might not appear right away. In addition, the symptoms are able to remain for weeks or for a longer period. The signs of a concussion vary from person to person and differ from one age to another.

The signs of a concussion in children and adults

Amnesia, confusion and headache are the general signs of a concussion. Often times, the amnesia implies a memory loss. Also, the symptoms include slurred speech, headache, temporary loss of awareness, pressure on the head, fatigue, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, amnesia, confusion or ringing in the ears. There are also some postponed signs of a concussion, such as disorders in smell and taste, sleep disturbances, psychological problems, irritability, depression, memory complaints and sensitivity to noise and light. The signs in children include the loss of balance, listlessness, under steady walking, crankiness, lack of interest in favourite toys, tiring easily, changes in eating or sleeping patterns or irritability. In these cases, the pediatrics advice the parents to search for help immediately. If the infant moves without problems, remains alert and respond to any stimulus then it was just a soft injury. Also, if he goes to sleep immediately after the concussion, it’s not a problem. In adult cases, a person will get better in a couple of hours or a few days. During his recovery period he might have trouble socializing, working or learning. These issues are usually known as post concussion syndrome. The proper cure is represented by psychiatric treatment or drug therapy. In a few cases, a severe concussion may cause swelling of the brain, edema and even the death of some brain vessels from the damaged area. 

Future of pharmacist in Pakistan 2026

  Pharmacy is the main pillar of the medical science. As at the time of independence Pakistan doesn't have the pharmacy unit and since then more than 400 hundred units are operating under the national or multinational organizations. In the past only government institute gives the education of the pharmacy but now due to the increase demand of the pharmacist government of Pakistan allow the private universities to give the education of the pharmacy so the increase demand of pharmacist could meet.  In 2010 about 1.4$ billion medicines were sold by the medical companies and it is estimated that till the 2013 this would jump up to the 2.1 billion dollars.

This figure shows that there would be lots of jobs in manufacturing sectors for the pharmacists. In other sector in which a pharmacist can work is retail sector which from the above figure shows that there would be tremendous increase is expected in  this sector in the future. Now hospital pharmacy practice is becoming common as the people are getting educated so there is great demand of pharmacists in this sector as well. Pharmacist can go abroad as all ready hundreds of pharmacists are already working in different parts of the world. So we can say that there is a bright future for the pharmacist in Pakistan. 

Teratogenicity and its Avoidance

  There are myriad of disease in the present world and a lot of them spell and sound so complex that we may remain ignorant about them till we are afflicted. One such complex disease is Tetrogenicity which is more or less unheard of. The word Teratogen, in Ancient, means "monster forming".  Teratogens in, modern medicinal terms, are factors that intervene with regular growth of an embryo in pregnant woman. Many things can be considered as Tetrogens and can be listed based on their severity. Some are more serious than others.  Getting in contact with any of these teratogens, in trace quantities also can have harmful results to the embryo.  Some teratogens are harmless until they build to "threshold concentration" stages in the mom and then their results are seen.  Some teratogens are risky throughout span of pregnancy and some are risky only at specific points of embryonic growth. In order to prevent any damage done to the embryos the course of action is to actively avoid known teratogens before and during pregnancy stage for the mother.  Given below is a list of all inclusive factor which are proven teratogens.

Tobacco: Exposure to cigarettes is, of course, is a typical habit in many societies across the world. Cigarette smoking is also quite prevalent amongst the woman in modern world. When women those who are smokers and become pregnant the threat of tetrogenacity is revealed through a high risk to their placenta and can cause serious problems such as birth complication in the premature babies, during maternity. The foetus is also has a higher risk of getting nervous related illnesses.  Children that do survive any fatalities become very hyperactive in their childhood and are sometimes described as anxious or "jittery".  Moreover they also have a higher risk diseases asthma, and allergy.

Alcohol: When a expectant mother consumes too much alcohol, her unborn child also partakes the effect.  There are no known safe levels of alcohol to consume for expecting mothers and alcohol is any form can be considered an hazardous tetrogen.

Radiation: There are various ways in which we could be exposed to hazardous radiation: having a healthcare X-ray on working in any such profession, operating at a atomic power plant, operating in any commercial setting where X-rays or other radioactive substances are used, atomic accidents (like Chernobyl) through atomic reactors (testing or the Japanese people war time explosions) and countless other minor sources like Wi – Fi networks , cellular phones  and smoke sensors

Lead: Exposure to cause is typical.  Lead is used in battery power, materials, colour, ceramic glazes, cable covering, toys from China.  Bug sprays, synthetic paints also have high content of lead and can lead to higher risks health hazards.  A foetus, whose mother has been exposed to lead , runs chance of developing low  bodyweight, neurological diseases and various skin diseases which form scars on the body .

HIV, of course, is the virus that causes AIDS and is the most dangerous threat to humanity in form of incurable diseases.  A individual typically becomes infected with HIV by having unsafe sex (especially unsecured sex) with a carrier or being infected by being exposed to contaminated blood of HIV carries. There are other, more atypical, methods of transmission like oral sex and blood related transfusions.  The health hazards to a foetus that is growing in a mom infected with HIV is immense such that the born child will contract AIDS.
Other than these above factors Mercury, Arsenic and hoards of other chemicals are listed as Tetrogens and can cause tertrogenacity in the fragile health of new born babies. The only solution to prevent them by effect our new born ones is by staying away from any form of exposure to them.